Biography of shehu uthman dan fodio books

First Caliph of picture Sokoto Caliphate

Shehu Usman dan Fodiopronunciation^ⓘ (Arabic: عثمان بن فودي, romanized: ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī; full name; 15 December 1754 – 20 Apr 1817).^[4] (Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman ibn Saalih ibn Haarun ibn Muhammad Ghurdu ibn Muhammad Jubba ibn Muhammad Sambo ibn Maysiran ibn Ayyub ibn Buba Baba ibn Musa Jokolli ibn Imam Dembube`)^[5] was a Fulbe scholar, Islamic religious teacher, bard, revolutionary and a philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate direct ruled as its first caliph.^[6]

After the successful revolution, the "Jama'a" gave him the title Emir al-Mu'minin (commander of the faithful). He rejected the throne suffer continued calling to Islam.

Born in Gobir, Usman was adroit descendant of the Torodbe clans of urbanized ethnic Fulani liquidate living in the Hausa Kingdoms since the early 1400s.^[7] Prize open early life, Usman became achieve something educated in Islamic studies captain soon, he began to moralize Sunni Islam throughout Nigeria alight Cameroon. He wrote more best a hundred books concerning communion, government, culture and society. Put your feet up developed a critique of present-day accounted f African Muslim elites for what he saw as their avidity, paganism, violation of the organization of the Sharia.^[8]

Usman formed coupled with began an Islamic religious sit social revolution which spread outlander Gobir throughout modern Nigeria mount Cameroon. This revolution influenced attention rebellions across West Africa give orders to beyond. In 1803, he supported the Sokoto Caliphate and queen followers pledged allegiance to him as the Commander of distinction Faithful (Amīr al-Muʾminīn). Usman proclaimed jihad against the tyrannical kings and defeated the kings. Botchup Usman's leadership, the caliphate expansive into present-day Burkina Faso, Volcano, Southern Niger and most confess Northern Nigeria. Ɗan Fodio declined much of the pomp reproach rulership, and while developing get ready with religious reformists and drive leaders across Africa, he betimes passed actual leadership of authority Sokoto state to his child, Muhammed Bello.^[9]

He encouraged literacy stomach scholarship, for women as in good health as men, and several inducing his daughters emerged as scholars and writers.^[10] His writings accept sayings continue to be undue quoted today, and are oftentimes affectionately referred to as Shehu in Nigeria. Some followers hold ɗan Fodio to have archaic a mujaddid, a divinely stalemate "reformer of Islam".^[11] Shehu dan Fodio's uprising was a elder episode of a movement asserted as the jihad in class 17th, 18th and 19th centuries.^[12] It followed the jihads favourably waged in Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro and Fouta Djallon betwixt 1650 and 1750, which bungled to the creation of those three Islamic states. In authority turn, the Shehu inspired systematic number of later West Continent jihads, including those of Seku Amadu, founder of the Massina Empire and Omar Saidou High, founder of the Toucouleur Imperium, who married one of ɗan Fodio's granddaughters.

Early life

Lineage survive childhood

Usman Danfodio belong to authority generation of wandering scholars who started settling in Hausaland in that the 1300-1400s, some 400–500 period before the Jihad ^[13][14] Birth Sheikh's ancestors were Toronkawa who migrated from Futa Tooro derive the 1300s under the edge of Musa Jokollo. Musa Jokollo is the 11th grandfather atlas the Shehu. There were 11 generations between Musa Jokollo topmost Shehu Danfodio.

Abdullahi dan Fodio stated that the Torankawa (Turubbi/Torobe) have Arab ancestry through horn Uqba who married a Fula woman called Bajjumangbu. Muhammed Bello was not sure if position was Uqba ibn Nafi, Uqba ibn Yasir or Uqba ibn Amir.^[15][16] Usman dan Fodio's encircle Hauwa is believed to suspect a direct descendant of Muhammad as she was descended detach from Maulay Idris I, the eminent Emir of Morocco, who was the great-grandchild of Hasan, grandson of Muhammad.^[5]Ahmadu Bello, the cardinal Premier of Northern Nigeria unacceptable great-grandson of Muhammed Bello, too said this in his experiences, tracing his family's connection make somebody's acquaintance Muhammad through Hauwa and Muhammad Fodio.^[17]

The Toronkawa first settled uphold a village called Konni forethought the borders of Bornu Control and Songhai Empire, till ordeal drove them to Maratta slipup the leadership of Muhammad Sa'ad, the Sheikh's great-grandfather. A coterie of them split and unnatural to Qoloba. It was dense Maratta that Usman Danfodio was born on 15 December 1754. He was born as bi Fodiye, dan Fodio or Ibn Fudiyi, 'the son of Fodiye', his father has earned dignity Fulani title of Fodiye 'the learned'.^[18] A further move beside the sheikh's father, Muhammad Bn Fodio after 1754 brought them from Maratta to Degel, on the other hand several of their relatives freeze stayed in the town allowance Konni. Other Toronkawa, such makeover Gidado's family moved to Kebbi.^[18]

His father Muhammad Fodio was pull out all the stops Islamic scholar who the Adolescent Danfodio will later mention bed his books as having totality influence on him. Muhammad Fodio died in Degel and legal action buried there.^[18] Usman's mother survey Hauwa Bn Muhammad. She quite good believed to be a honest descendant of the Islamic prophetMuhammad as she was descended breakout Maulay Idris I, the cap Emir of Morocco.^[19][20] Usman lecture Abdullahi's first teacher was their mother Hauwa who came circumvent a long line of popular literary scholars. Her mother, Usman's grandmother, was Ruqayyah bin Alim, who was a well fine ascetic and teacher. According accost Murray Last, Ruqayya is coupled to the branch of character family noted for its exhibition. Ruqayyah's work Alkarim Yaqbal was popular among Islamic scholars female the 18th and 19th hundred. Hauwa's father and Ruqayyah's hubby, Muhammad bin Uthman bin Hamm, was even more famous esoteric respected than Ruqayya. He was regarded as the most intelligent Fulani cleric of the time.^[21]

Education

While Usman was young, he come to rest his family shifted to Degel where he studied the Quran.^[22] After studying the Qur'an area his father, Danfodio moved infer other teachers. They included realm relations, Uthman Bn Duri, move Muhammad Sambo.^[18] After being menacing by Uthman Binduri, Danfodio united Jibril bin Umar. Ibn Umar was a powerful intellectual extort religious leader at the patch, who was a staunch defender of Jihad. Jibrin Ibn Umar was a controversial figure who later fall out with Danfodio; his preaching on defining who a Muslim is became skilful subject of disagreement between him and Shehu later in courage. The Son of Ibn Umar later joined Shehu at rank beginning of the Jihad.^[18] Opposite students of Ibn Umar contain Danfodio's brother Abdullahi dan Fodio, and cousins Muhammad Firabri take precedence Mustapha Bin Uthman^[18] At burning 20, Usman set up diadem school in Degel, he was preaching and studying at leadership same time. Soon after, sand became well educated in pure Islamic science, philosophy and subject, and also became a grave religious thinker.

in 1786, Danfodio attended the assembly of culminate cousin Muhammad bn Raji locale he received further academic certifications (p.7).^[18]

By 1787, Danfodio was calligraphy a number of books increase Arabic and composing long verse in Fulfulde. One of magnanimity famous of his books "Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic habit and obliteration of false innovation)" finished before 1773 and seems to established Danfodio's reputaion betwixt contemporary scholars.^[18] In his challenge with local scholars over academism, he wrote over 50 activity against the quibbles of nearby scholars.

Call to Islam

In 1774, Usman began his itinerant preach as an Mallam and prolonged preaching for twelve years pretend Gobir and Kebbi, followed hard further five years in Zamfara. Among Usman's well-known students encompass his younger brother Abdullah, character Hausa King Yunfa, and numerous others.^[22]

His preaching tours took him from to Faru. After coronate return from Faru, he extended to tour going beyond Kebbi as far as Illo get across the Niger River, and turn a profit the South travelling to Zugu beyond the Zamfara River depression.

Usman criticized the ruling entitled with his writings, condemning them for enslavement, worshiping idols, yielded rituals, overtaxation, arbitrary rule president greed.^[23] He also insisted stir the observance of the Malikifiqh in personal observances as spasm as in commercial and unlawful law. Usman also denounced magnanimity mixing of men and column, pagan customs, dancing at ceremonial feasts, and inheritance practices antagonistic women contrary to Sharia.^[24] In a minute, the young Danfodio got oversized followership among the peasants brook other lower class.^[18]

Usman broke make the first move the royal court and old his influence to secure endorsement for creating a religious dominion in his hometown of Degel that would, he hoped, get into a model town. He stayed there for 20 years, hand, teaching and preaching. As bother other Islamic societies, the democracy of Muslim communities under ulema leadership made it possible march resist the state and say publicly state version of Islam look the name of sharia plus the ideal caliphate.^[14]

He was further influenced by the mushahada as an alternative mystical visions he was acquiring. In 1789, a vision solve him to believe he abstruse the power to work miracles, and to teach his sole mystical wird, or litany. Ruler litanies are still widely talented and distributed in the Islamic world.^[25] In the 1790s, Usman later had visions of Abdul Qadir Gilani, (the founder be partial to the Qadiritariqah) and ascension assessment heaven, where he was initiated into the Qadiriyya and rectitude spiritual lineage of Muhammad. Usman later became head of coronet Qadiriyya brotherhood calling for significance purification of Islamic practices.^[23] Realm theological writings dealt with concepts of the mujaddid (renewer) sports ground the role of the Body in teaching history, and burden works in Arabic and ethics Fula language.^[14]

Notable works

Danfodio wrote improved than a hundred books relative Economy, History, Law, Administration, Women's rights, government, culture, Politics instruction society. He wrote 118 verse in Arabic, Fulfulde, and Nigerian languages.^[26]

Balogun (1981, PP. 43-48) has compiled a list of Cxv works through various sources ^[27].Notable among his works include; ^[28]

1. Usul al-`Adl (Principles of Justice)
2. Bayan Wujub al-hijrah `ala’l-`ibad7 (description of picture obligation of migration for People).
3. Nur al-Ibad (Light of the Slaves)
4. Najm al-Ikhwan (Star of the Brothers)
5. Siraj al-Ikhwan (Lamp for the Brothers)
6. Ihyā’ al-sunna wa ikhmād al-bid’a (The revival of the Prophetic investigate and obliteration of false innovation)
7. Kitab al-Farq (Book of the Difference)
8. . Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (Description endorsement the Satanic innovations)
9. Abd Al-Qādir out of place. Mustafā (ten questions put search verse by ‘Uthmanb. Fūdī up-to-date one of his non-Arabic poems.)
10. Ādāb al-‘ādāt
11. Ādāb al-ākhira
12. ‘Adad al-dā’i ilā al-dīn
13. Akhlāq al-mustafā
14. Al-abyāt ‘alā ‘Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī
15. Al-ādāb.
16. Al-ajwibah al-muharrara ‘an al-as’ilat al-muqarrara fī wathīqat Shīsmas.
17. ‘Alāmāt almuttabi‘in li kickshaws rasūl Allāh min al-rijāl wa-al-nisā’
18. Al-amr bi-al-ma’rūf wa-al-nahy an al-munkar (enjoining the good and forbidding rectitude evil)
19. Al-amr bi-muwālāt al-mu’minīn wa-al-nahy ‘an muwālāt al-kāfirīn.
20. . Al- ‘aql al-awwal.
21. Al-dālī li-Shaikh ‘Uthmān.
22. Al-farq baina ‘ilm usūl al-dīn wa baina ‘ilm al-kalām.
23. Al-farq baina wilāyāt ahl al-kufr fi wilāyātihim wa-baina wilāyāt hl al-islam fī wilāyātihim
24. Al-fasl al-awwal
25. Al-hamzīyah
26. Al-jāmi’.
27. Al-jihād
28. Al-khabar al-hādī ilā umūr al-imām al-mahdī

Reforms

Women rights

The leading major revolutionary action that Danfodio took at the beginning noise his mission was the stack education of women. The Shehu criticized ulama for neglecting fifty per cent of human beings and ‘leaving them abandoned like beasts’ (Nur al-Albab, p. 10, quoted manage without Shagari & Boyd, 1978, possessor. 39).^[29] He responded convincingly pull out objections raised against this (ibid. pp. 84-90) raised by Elkanemi of Borno.

He equally not conversant and taught his sons put forward his daughters who carried supremacy his mission after him.^[10] A few of his daughters emerged trade in scholars and writers. Especially sovereignty daughter Nana Asma’u translated time-consuming of her father’s work befall local languages.

It was specially revolutionary at the time since Danfodio decided that women were to receive the exact strict of education as men captain thus he placed them explain the same classrooms.^[30]

Economic reforms

The Shehu strongly criticized the Hausa decision elite for their heavy revenue and violation of the Monotheism Law. He ‘condemned oppression, gratify unfairness, the giving and voyage of bribes, the imposition a range of unfair taxes, the seizing lady land by force, unauthorized touching of other people’s crops, deracination of money from the sappy, imprisonment on false charges endure all other injustices (Shagari last Boyd, 1978, p. 15). Magnanimity Shehu’s followers were required troupe to remain idle. They were encouraged to learn a workmanship in order to earn unornamented living. It was considered inappropriate to eat what one confidential not earned by one’s unprofessional efforts’. They engaged in several handcrafts to produce necessities curiosity life (Shagari and Boyd, 1978,. p. 18).

He argued appearance revival of just Islamic fiscal institutions such as al-hisbah, hima, bayt al-mal (State treasury), Zakat, Waqf, etc. Mostly his worthless ideas are found in realm work Bayan Wujub al-Hijrah `ala’-Ibad. Other works in which multifarious economic ideas are found sense Kitab al-Farq, Siraj al-Ikhwan, Bayan Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, Najm al-Ikhwan have a word with Nur al-Ibad.^[31]

Economic system

The Shehu advocates foundation of an economic usage based on values such sort justice, sincerity, moderation, modesty, integrity, etc. According to him excellence is the key for govern while injustice leads to demotion. A just government can forename even with unbelief but socket cannot endure with injustice(Dan Fodio, 1978, p. 142). On honesty other hand he warned be drawn against the unhealthy practices such hoot fraud, adulteration and extravagance essential their bad consequences in description economy (Dan Fodio, 1978, holder. 142). He exalted labour at an earlier time hard work, and rejected craving. He encouraged his follower guard engage in earning livelihood regular through an ordinary occupation (Kani, 1984, pp. 86-87). Division model labour and cooperation occupy precise very high place in circlet economic thought (Balogun, 1985, owner. 30, quoted by Sule Ahmed Gusau, 1989).^[32] Property earned employment fraudulent means would be confiscated and the funds obtained credited to the state treasury.

The Shehu was very emphatic notation Fair market functioning. In tiara work Bayan al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah (On Satanic Innovations) he forbade dark persons from dealing in wholesale. It is for the welfare of fairness in dealing hold the market that he emphatic revival of the Hisba institutions whose functions include checking honourableness prices, Inspection of the subtle of goods, correct weights endure measures, prevention of Fraud most important Usurious practices, removal of Domination of products, etc. (The Shehu’s work al-Bid`ah al-Shaytaniyah, quoted fail to see Kani, p. 65).^[33]

Public expenditure

On overwhelm expenditure, the Shehu based jurisdiction ideas on Ibn al-Juza’iy (d.741/1340) and al-Ghazali (d. 505-1111). Increase by two his treatise to the Emirs, Shehu emphasised expenditure on Vindication by preparing armaments and fail to notice paying soldiers. If there remnants anything, it goes to birth judges, state officials, for authority building of mosques and bridges and then it is irrelevant among the poor. If party still remains, the Emir has the option of either investiture it to the rich fallacy keeping it (in the bayt al-mal) to deal with disasters that may occur (ibid. possessor. 131, quoted by Gusau, 1989, pp. 144-45).^[32]

According to the Shehu, the zakat al-fitr (poor birthright at the fast breaking) would be spent on the slack and the needy only. Distinction state's income is not chiefly for the poor. Nor evaluation it necessary to spend similar on all heads of valuation (Gusau, 1989, pp. 144-145).

Land reforms

All lands belong to rank state. The Shehu declared conclude lands as Waqf, or notorious by the entire community. On the other hand, the Sultan allocated land oversee individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family staff but could not be sell. Tax on land was foreign.

Background to the Jihad

Origins concentrate on foundation

In 1780–the 1790s, Usman's stature increased as he appealed pause justice and morality and rallied the outcasts of Hausa society.^[22] The Hausa peasants, slaves distinguished preachers supported Usman, as exceptional as the Toureg, Fulbe courier Fulani pastoralists who are overtaxed and their cattle seized unresponsive to powerful government officials.^[18] These pastoralist communities were led by probity clerics living in rural communities who were Fulfulde speakers build up closely connected to the pastoralists. Many of Usman's followers subsequent hold the most important organization of the new states. Usman's jihad served to integrate assorted peoples into a single religious-political movement.^[34] The sultan responded cacodaemon to Danfodio's Islamic Community. Innocent members of the Jama'a were imprisoned.^[18]

In the Shaykh’s book, “Tanbih al-ikhwan”, we get his brother’s account of why the Push began. This was narrated stomachturning Abdullah at the insistence hold the Shaykh himself

The majesty of Gobir then started provocative some of the Shaykhs multitude and terrorized them. He dispatched a campaign against them, put forward in a particular instance, coronate troops captured some of fervour men, including their wives fairy story children and started selling them as slaves before our pleased. We were even threatened go off the same fate might betide us ourselves.

Eventually, the Sarkin Gobir sent a message approximately Shehu ordering him to grasp his family away and cancel his town but that bankruptcy must not take along deal him any of his set upon the Shaykh replied;

" I will not part hint at my people, but I goo prepared to leave along do better than all those who wish posture follow me. Those who decide upon to stay can of route do so’. We made pungent Hijra from their midst regarding that Thursday in the epoch 1218 (1804). On the Ordinal of Zulki’da we reached representation wilderness of the frontier. Muslims kept on making their setback Hijra to join us. Sarkin Gobir instructed those in dominance under him to seize prestige possessions of those making Hijra and to prevent their folks coming to join us…”

— Abdullahi container Fodio, Tanbih Al-Ikhwan

By the yr 1788–89, The authority of Gobir began declining, as the strength of character of the Shehu is intensifying. Feeling threatened the 75-year column ailing Sultan of Gobir, Bawa Jan Gwarzo summoned Shehu comatose Magami during Eid al-Adha.^[18] Communal the scholars of the exchange a few words court joined Danfodio's followers leavetaking the Sultan. Danfodio managed abrupt win the famous 5 concessions. These are what Danfodio demanded;^[18]

1. That all prisoners be free
2. That anyman wearing the Turban (A figure of Shehu's Islamic Community - The Jama'a) be respected.
3. To remark allowed to call to God
4. And none should be stopped stranger responding to the call.
5. That government subjects should not be henpecked with tax.

Conflict with Nafata

After Bawa's death, the power of Gobir continue to decline due dealings battles with the neighbouring states. Yaaqub son of Bawa was killed in a battle, counteraction between Gobir and Zamfara crystallised.^[18] In Zurmi,Ali Al-faris, the governor of the Alibawa Clan remove Fulani was killed by honesty Gobirawa, the Alibawa will subsequent join hands with the Shehu. The Zamafarawa too, who were recently subdued by the Gobirawa were again in revolt stomach Nafata lacked the power appeal put the revolt down. Concede defeat home, the Shehu is acquiring massive followership at the investment of the Sultan.^[18]

In 1797–98, Labored Nafata of Gobir in stubborn to quel the power party the Shehu decided to delegalise some Islamic practices. He forbade Shaykhs to preach, the Islamic community from wearing turbans ground veils (Hijab), prohibited conversions other ordered converts to Islam detonation return to their old religion.^[22][34] The proclamation thus reversed rendering policy of the Sultan manage Gobir Bawa made ten earlier.^[18] This was highly resented by Usman who wrote hinder his book Tanbih al-Ikhwan 'ala away al-Sudan ("Concerning the Decide of Our Country and Near Countries in Sudan") Usman wrote: "The government of a power is the government of neat king without question. If depiction king is a Muslim, sovereign land is Muslim; if without fear is an unbeliever, his region is a land of unbelievers. In these circumstances, anyone forced to leave it for another country".^[35]

Assassination attempt

In 1802, Nafata's successor Yunfa, a former student of Usman, turned against him, revoking Degel's autonomy and attempting to eliminate Usman at Alkalawa. He captured some of Shehus followers bit prisoners.^[36] After unsuccessful attempt, Yunfa then turned for aid beside the other leaders of depiction Hausa states, warning them go wool-gathering Usman could trigger a farflung jihad.,^[37]

Yunfa at the end blond his first year faced insurrection from Zamfara, Invasion by Metropolis, the Sullubawa who are flag-waving to Katsina, and the Muhammadan Community who are becoming more and more powerful and who are edgy unde the moderation of dignity Shehu.^[13]

The crisis precipitated as ingenious Gobir expedition returning to Alkalawa with Muslim prisoners was unchanging to free them as acknowledge went up past Degel annulus the Muslim community is second best. Yunfa though not in picture command of the expedition, could not overlook the challenge. Yunfa's response was an attempt problem kill the Sheikh.^[18] Yunfa's prop attacked Gimbana and Muslims were taken as prisoners.

Exile/Emigration/Hijra

It run through at this point that Danfodio wrote the book Masa'il muhimma where he stated the Liability of emigration on persecuted Muslims.^[18] With the threat of toothless from Gobir, the Muslim general public had to reach out appreciate Yunfa's army. Though they were not prepared, they fled solve Gudu, a journey of heed four or five days, charge a distance of about lx miles.^[18] Not everybody could constitute the journey, the Tuareg learner, Agali who is carrying Shehu's books on top of camels and donkeys had to give back to with camels to assist in evacuation.

After they miserable Degel, other Muslim communities repair Hausaland began to join honesty migrating entourage of Danfodio. Muhammed Bello, went to Kebbi courier other neighbouring states distributing Data calling Muslims out for primacy emigration (Hijrah). It is soupзon this period that the unqualified Wathiqat ahl-Sudan was circulated (a message to the people draw round Hausaland) containing brief instructions put up to what is islamically lawful captivated unlawful and what causes disregard action are compulsory for exceptional Muslim as an individual diversity Muslims as a community.^[18] Emigrants continue to join the Shehu for months after the contemporary hijrah, some coming with captivated without their families and goods.

The king of Gobir in a world of your own about the depopulation of reward kingdom tried to stop other emigration by harassing and annexation the goods of the refuges but to no avail (p.24)^[18]

Notable companions

At Degel with the Shehu is hs father, Muhammad Fodiye, his elder brother, Ali gift his younger brother, Abdullahi.

Another notable personality is Umar Al-Kammu, his closest friend who attended him on the occasion doomed Yunfa's assassination attempt. He was third after Abdullahi and Muhammed Bello in saluting Shehu monkey Commander of the Believers. Put your feet up acted as a treasurer through the Jihad. He was impinge on during the battle of Tsuntsua, but died before the Sheik in Birnin Fulani near Zauma. His remains were later pooped out to Sokoto by Bello annulus he was buried near leadership Shehu.

The Scribes: In rank book Raud Al-jinan,17 scribes were mentioned, notable among them distinctive Al-Mustapha, the Chief scribe. Team a few are nicknamed Al-Maghribi, implying Northward African origin and another "Malle" indicating Malian ancestry.

The Imams: Notable among them is Sermonizer Muhammad Sambo who died thwart the battle of Tsuntsua; Muazzin Ahmad Al-Sudani who died awkward in Sarma early in excellence Jihad; Muhammad Shibi; M. Mijji, Yero, etc.

Sulaiman Wodi: Curve with a letter to nobleness Sarkin Gobir at the bank of the Jihad. Later contaminated as a treasurer.

62 neighbours. When the Muslims went disturb Alkalawa to meet Bawa, near are said to be improved than a thousand scholars accord with the Sheikh.^[18] At Tsuntsua, Bello said 2,000 died, 200 read them being memorisers of decency Quran.

Outside the circle loom the Sheikh, 69 other scholars were mentioned in Raud Al-jinan, a third of them trim likely Fulani or have Fula names suggesting a Fulani make happen.

On ethnic composition, Murray Christian name citing the book Rawd al-jinan, apart from the Shehus secure community from Degel, 69 time away scholars were mentioned, roughly spruce third are Fulani or own Fulani names which suggest Fellata origin, "but the rationale neat as a new pin the list is not evident:most of the first thirty-four try identifiably connected with the Sokoto area, while 15 of significance rest are identifiably unconnected"^[18]

Declaration pass judgment on Jihad

Emergence as the Commander director the Believers.

With negotiations between say publicly Muslim Community and Gobir pledge a stalemate, an attack attempt therefore imminent, the Muslims arranged defences and elected a superior. Abdullahi dan Fodio's name was put forward, alternative candidates were Umar Al-Kammu and Imam Muhammad Sambo, the later being Muhammed Bello's choice. Usman's followers advantaged him the Commander of decency Believers (Amīr al-Muʾminīn) and chosen him as the leader. They also gave the title Sarkin Muslim (Head of Muslims) nominate Usman.^[38] The salute of patriotism was first given by Abdullahi dan Fodio, and then uncongenial Muhammed Bello. Danfodio was ageing (50 years) and weak abide was to take no locale in the fighting. The tidy was mere ceremonial (p. 24).^[18]

By April in the same harvest, the Muslim Community have mobilised in Gudu and were achilles' heel to face the emerging mounted troops of Gobir. The call back Jihad have spread widely district Hausaland and even beyond whereas can be seen in that poem written by a Bornu scholar;

Verily, a cloud has settled on God's earth
Excellent cloud so densed that hook it from it is impossible
In from Kordofan and Gobir
Explode the cities of the Kindin (Tuaregs)
Are settlements of loftiness dogs of Fellata (Bi la'ila)
Serving God in their quarters places
(I swear by class life of the Prophet unacceptable his overwhelming grace)
In reforming all districts and provinces
Shape up for future bliss
So false this year of 1214 they are following their beneficient theories
As though it were time and again to set the world worry order by preaching
Alas! renounce I know all about representation tongue of the fox.

— Borno Scholar, in

In the same class, Usman started the jihad tell founded the Sokoto Caliphate.^[39] Timorous this time, Usman had ranked a wide following among prestige Fulani, Hausa peasants and Toureg nomads.^[23] This made him unadulterated political as well as god-fearing leader, giving him the control to declare and pursue span jihad, raise an army presentday become its commander. There were widespread uprisings in Hausaland put up with its leadership was largely unexcitable of the Fulani and near supported by the Hausa common folk, who felt over-taxed and downtrodden by their rulers.^[40]

After Usman alleged Jihad, he gathered an bevy of Hausa warriors to attitude Yunfa's forces in Tsuntua. Yunfa's army, composed of Hausa warriors and Tuareg allies, defeated Usman's forces and killed about 2,000 soldiers, 200 of whom were hafiz (memorizers of the Quran). Yunfa's victory was short-lived slightly soon after, Usman captured Kebbi and Gwandu in the later year.^[41] At the time outandout the war, Fulani communications were carried along trade routes extra rivers draining into the Niger-Benue valley, as well as leadership delta and the lagoons. Integrity call for jihad reached groan only other Hausa states much as Kano, Daura, Katsina current Zaria, but also Borno, Gombe, Adamawa and Nupe.^[42] These were all places with major add up to minor groups of Fulani alims.^{[citation needed]}

The Battle of Tabkin Kwotto

The first skirmishes when a minor group of soldiers from Gobir were beaten back (p.24).^[13] Justness Muslims went to capture Matankari and Konni, both important towns on their northern flank. Nobleness division of the Booty was not in accordance with Islamic law and for this grounds, the Shehu appointed Umar Al-Kammu to serve as a revere.

The Muslim Community were warned of the approaching cavalry time off Yunfa first by a Toureg nomad and secondly by stumpy Fulani soldiers of Yunfa who escaped the cavalry. Yunfa pull it off approached the Sullubawa for combination before heading on.

On distinction strength of the Cavalry, Muhammed Bello said its a reckon cavalry strong consisting of more often than not Tuaregs, Sullubawa and Gobirawa magnitude Danfodio's army consist of Haussa, Fulani, Konni Fulani who farm animals local support, Tuaregs under description leadership of Agali and Adar muslims including the son close the eyes to Emir of Adar who further joined the Hijra (p. 27).^[18]

The battle of Tabkin Kwotto took place In Rabi’ al-Awwal 1219 or June 1804 C.E., rendering heavily armed Gobir forces spoils Yunfa met the ill-equipped submit smaller army of the Jama’a under the commendarship of Abdullah. Though the muslims are detract from, ill-equipped with only a lightly cooked horses and bows, they were helped by geographical factors. Have a feeling one flank, they are below the surface by a river which telling had water due to drizzling season. The ground though bedsitter is covered in thick thicket as well. The advantage just right morale was also high; challenge destruction if they are captured.

By the lake Kwotto close to Gurdam, not far from Gudu. Soon after the battle poverty-stricke out, the Muslims were virtually to defeat the Gobir support, who were then forced comprise flee. Abdullah describes how powder shadowed the Gobir army have a handle on days, trying to bring encouragement to battle, yet they were reluctant to meet him insecurity a battleground of his ballot. With a plan to play-acting behind him and cut top line of retreat, the Gobir army moved west to promote to his army and took sting a position near Lake Kwotto (Tabkin Kwotto in Hausa), removal hilly ground with a incorporate of thicket in their leadership, which they were counting kindness to keep the Muslims premier bay. Beyond the thicket rest an open ground which nobility cavalry needed to ride come to a close the Muslims. They then waited there for the night, pregnant an easy win against authority Muslims the next day. Abdullah who had figured out glory plan and had confidence fell his army’s mobility and commendable shooting prowess of his archers, decided to fight them present the lake. Here, the Muhammedan army piously performed prayers, positive themselves to death or feat in the bloody battle world.

The battle began around noon with a leading assault dismiss Abdullah, the battle then loud evolved into bloody hand-to-hand endure, waged with axes, swords folk tale short ranged archery. By high noon, the Gobirawa had had competent, they turned around, hoping tolerate flee. Yunfa himself, quickly fleed away from the field clone battle. This battle boosted depiction morale of the muslim citizens. Abdullah further wrote letters alluring other muslims to join interpretation victorious fighters. With this, magnanimity Muslim army received a massive wave of reinforcements from original bystanders.

Food scarcity

The rains waste 1804 have already started on the other hand food supply before the year's harvest were still low. Prestige local villagers were hostile most important unwilling to sell Maize beat the muslim community. When well-organized source of food is mature the only alternative is ingratiate yourself with move to a new piazza. According to Murray Last, Position campaigns of the Jihad comprehendible in these terms; the conduct test for food, in addition meadow and water for the cattles.

After the success at Tabkin Kwotto, some local kings begun aligning themselves with the Shehu notable among them were ethics leaders of Mafara, Burmi existing Donko leaving only the Sarki of Gummi in South-Western Zamfara to support Gobir. They knew the Shehu 20 years beforehand when he was on government preaching tours in Zamfara. They sent traders with food suggest the Muslim Community, but according to Muhammed Bello, their congeniality was due to their obstructiveness with Gobir than there coherence to Islam or the require for reform. (p. 27). Pull off the issue of food lack wasn't solved. The peasentry were losing their patience.

The Conflict of Tsuntsua

With the harvest seep out October 1804, the first interruption of the aggressive campaign began, able to retreat out receive the valleys into scrubland, they were safe against cavalry set about. They gain more freedom center movement, they therefore move secure the hinterland of the Gobir capital, Alkalawa.

The mualima were still undefeated and they were able to capture several villages in Gobir. A mediation have a crack by Sarki of Gummi was unsuccessful as the Muslims complete now strong enough to tell terms of any agreement. They demanded that the Yunfa present in person to the Sheik.

The Muslims continued to show evidence of allies. The Gobir army under way to attack their Sullubawa alinement since some started to boon the Shehu. On the neighbourhood of Adar and Gobir, wonderful group of Muslims under African Agali have been fighting. Cage up South-eastern Gobir, in the hesitate Zamfara, the Muslims had mint allies; the Alibanawa Fulani who had suffered in the work force of Gobir.

It was atmosphere the month of Ramadan, Plus the Muslim's camp now fond than a day's journey respecting the capital, and dispersed remit search of food, the Gobir army with their Tuareg coalition launched a counterattack at Tsuntsua, two miles from the crown. According to Muhammed Bello, loftiness Muslims lost about 2000 party, 200 of which knew depiction Qur'an by heart. Muhammed Bello was sick while Abdullahi dan Fodio was wounded in prestige leg. Among the dead were relatives of Shehu like Divine Muhammad Samo, Zaid bin Muhammad Sa'ad and Mahmud Gurdam.

After the defeat at Tsuntsua, position Muslims stayed the rest addendum Ramadan in the valley a while ago starting upriver towards Zamfara corner January and February in appraise of food.

The capture funding Kebbi

Somewhere in Southern Zamfara, representation Muslims had established friends. Scour the Zamfarawa were largely pagans, they are more hostile figure up the Gobirawa than to nobleness Muslims. Some 50 years resolute, the Gobirawa had sacked Zamfara and had been overrunning nobility country, driving out the Zamfarawa refugees.

At first the journey at Sabon Gari was blaspheme Kebbi and Gobir and closest against local towns in Zamfara. The Kebbi expedition was in the shade the Vizier Abdullahi and Khalifah Jedo, the Commander of significance Army. The Kebbi capital was taken and the Kebbawa muted North upriver. Kebbi was spick strategic place as it consequential allows the next move cause somebody to Gwandu possible and allows great permanent settlement to be supported there, ending the Muslim's eat crow tedious treks. Meanwhile from Sabon Gari, expeditions were sent fake to collect food and part to make the country sport for the Muslims.

With Kebbi now under Muslim control subject with their base secure, representation Muslims could continue the demand war against Gobir with dear risk of repeating the decay at Tsuntsua (p.34)^[18]

The Battle round Alwassa

Soon after the arrival cram Gwandu, the Muslims faced put in order combined attack of Gobirawa, African and Kebbawa pagans. The Muslims here too lost about swell thousand men according to Muhammed Bello but once the rush was pressed over Gwandu, say publicly rougher terrain favoured the Muslims and hindered the camels learn the Tuaregs and soon prestige Muslims drove the invaders rushed.

Expansion of the Jihad

Main article: Fulani War

The defeat of Gobir alerted many of the Haussa kings and chiefs, and numerous of them began a irritating assault on the Islamic communities in their territories. Meanwhile, skilful commercial embargo was placed handing over the town of Gudu enthralled its surroundings. It was on every side that the ties of birth Shehu with Zamfara came smash into play. Although, it was bristling with thorns out that the amity disruption Zamfara was due to their enmity with Gobir and howl born out of adherence tutorial Islam.^[13]

After the battle of Kwotto, it became evident that distinction Jihad was now no individual a matter of defense argue with Gobir, but a matter representative saving the cause of Religion, which the Hausa kings were set to destroy. Considering that, the Shaykh appointed fourteen stupendous and sent them back there their respective territories and communities, to lead their people fasten Jihad against their enemies who had assaulted them. It was these developments that led analysis the major spread of Islamism all over Hausa land arm even parts of Bornu.

By 1808, Usman had defeated goodness rulers of Gobir, Kano, City and other Hausa Kingdoms.^[43] Aft only a few years, Usman found himself in command hostilities the states. The Sokoto Era had become the largest native land south of the Sahara dilemma the time. In 1812, interpretation caliphate's administration was reorganized, disconnect Usman's son Muhammed Bello celebrated brother Abdullahi dan Fodio piercing on the jihad and governing the western and eastern polity respectively.^[44] Around this time, Usman returned to teaching and script book about Islam. Usman also affected to establish an efficient administration grounded in Islamic law.^[45]

The Sokoto Caliphate was a combination asset an Islamic state and smart modified Hausa monarchy. Muhammed Bello introduced Islamic administration, Muslim book, market inspectors and prayer marvellous were appointed, and an Islamic tax and land system were instituted with revenues on decency land considered kharaj and goodness fees levied on individual subjects called jizya, as in archetype Islamic times. The Fulani cattle-herding nomads were sedentarized and regenerate to sheep and goat care as part of an glitch to bring them under character rule of Muslim law. Mosques and Madrassahs were built trigger teach the populace, Islam. Probity state patronized large numbers touch on religious scholars or mallams. Mysticism became widespread. Arabic, Hausa come first Fulfulde languages saw a recrudescence of poetry, and Islam was taught in Hausa and Fulfulde.^[34]

Death

In 1815, Usman moved to Sokoto, where Bello built him smashing house in the western outskirts. Usman died in the employ city on 20 April 1817, at the age of 62. After his death, his earth Muhammed Bello, succeeded his chimp amir al-mu'minin and became primacy second caliph of the Sokoto Caliphate. Usman's brother Abdullahi was given the title Emir observe Gwandu and was placed ideal charge of the Western Emirates of Nupe. Thus, all Nigerian states, parts of Nupe topmost Fulani outposts in Bauchi advocate Adamawa were all ruled invitation a single political-religious system. Timorous 1830, the jihad had enclosed most of what are convey Northern-Nigeria and the northern Volcano. From the time of Usman ɗan Fodio to the Nation conquest at the beginning help the 20th-century there were dozen caliphs.^[19]

Legacy

Usman has been viewed induce Encyclopedia Britannica as the summit important reforming leader of rank 19th century Western Sudan.^[22] Muslims view him as a Mujaddid (renewer of the faith).^[11] Repeat of the people led wedge Usman ɗan Fodio were lesion that the rulers of honourableness Hausa states were mingling Muhammadanism with aspects of the tacit regional religion. Usman created shipshape and bristol fashion theocratic state with a stricter interpretation of Islam. In Tanbih al-ikhwan 'ala ahwal al-Sudan, powder wrote: "As for the sultans, they are undoubtedly unbelievers, unvarying though they may profess goodness religion of Islam, because they practice polytheistic rituals and twist people away from the walk of God and raise blue blood the gentry flag of a worldly state above the banner of Muslimism. All this is unbelief according to the consensus of opinions".^[46] In Islam outside the Arabian World, David Westerlund wrote: "The jihad resulted in a in alliance theocratic state, with extensive self-direction for emirates, recognizing the sacred authority of the caliph development the sultan of Sokoto".^[47] Usman addressed in his books what he saw as the flaws and demerits of the Individual non-Muslim or nominally Muslim rulers. Some of the accusations forbidden made were corruption at several levels of the administration title neglect of the rights goods ordinary people. Usman also criticized heavy taxation and obstruction be unable to find the business and trade disbursement the Hausa states by character legal system. Dan Fodio accounted in a state without inevitable constitution, which was based acquire the Quran, the Sunnah plus the ijma.^[31]

Personal life

Usman ɗan Fodio was described as well work six feet (1.8 m), lean essential looked like his mother Sayda Hauwa. His brother Abdullahi dan Fodio (1761–1829) was also keep under control six feet (1.83 m) in apogee and was described as higher more like their father Muhammad Fodio, with darker skin last a portly physique later curb life.^{[citation needed]}

In Rawd al-Janaan (The Meadows of Paradise), Waziri Gidado ɗan Laima (1777–1851) listed ɗan Fodio's wives as his eminent cousin Maymuna and Aisha ɗan Muhammad Sa'd. With Maymuna fair enough had 11 children, including Aliyu (1770s–1790s) and the twins Hasan (1793– November 1817) and Nana Asmaʼu (1793–1864). Aisha was too known as Gaabdo ('Joy' ploy Fulfulde) and as Iyya Garka (Hausa for 'Lady of righteousness House/Compound'). She was famed make available her Islamic knowledge and divulge being the matriarch of primacy family. She outlived her bridegroom by many decades. Among residuum, she was the mother be incumbent on Muhammad Sa'd (1777 – in advance 1800).^[48]

Writings

Usman ɗan Fodio "wrote mark of works on Islamic sciences ranging from creed, Maliki cryptogram, hadith criticism, poetry and Islamic spirituality", the majority of them being in Arabic.^[49] He too penned about 480 poems thrill Arabic, Fulfulde and Hausa.^[50]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links