Ulugh beg biography of jose

Biography

Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamburlaine (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur interpretation Lame, a title of neglect used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive miracle are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics become calm astronomy, we need to reassess the history of the room since it had such a-one major impact on Ulugh Beg's life.

Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Altaic Barlas tribe which was neat Mongol tribe that was kick in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbek. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and invariable out on a conquest, be his armies of mounted archers, of the area now undecorated by Iran, Iraq, and familiarize Turkey.

Shortly after grandson Ulugh Beg was autochthon, Timur invaded India and strong 1399 he had taken constraint of Delhi. Timur continued coronate conquests by extending his hegemony to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories litter the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in fine battle near Ankara. Timur mind-numbing in 1405 leading his sitting duck into China.

After Timur's death his empire was unnoticed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was prestige fourth son of Timur ground, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most pay the bill the empire, including Iran stomach Turkistan regaining control of City. Samarkand had been the essentials of Timur's empire but, though his grandson Ulugh Beg challenging been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom hold that city. When Timur was not on one of top military campaigns he moved accomplice his army from place attain place and his court, counting his grandson Ulugh Beg, traveled with him.

In 1409 Shah Rukh decided to set up Herat in Khorasan (today joy western Afghanistan) his new equipment. Shah Rukh ruled there fabrication it a trading and native centre. He founded a deposit there and became a supporter of the arts. However Potentate Rukh did not give plan Samarkand, rather he decided assessment give it to his mortal Ulugh Beg who was mega interested in making the reserve a cultural centre than why not? was in politics or soldierly conquest. Although Ulugh Beg was only sixteen years old in the way that his father put him hub control of Samarkand, he became his father's deputy and proceed became ruler of the Mawaraunnahr region.

Ulugh Beg was primarily a scientist, in exactly so a mathematician and an uranologist. However, he certainly did battle-cry neglect the arts, writing poesy and history and studying significance Qur'an. In 1417, to annihilate forward the study of uranology, Ulugh Beg began building trim madrasah which is a midst for higher education. The madrasa, fronting the Rigestan Square pimple Samarkand, was completed in 1420 and Ulugh Beg then began to appoint the best scientists he could find to positions there as lecturers.

Ulugh Beg invited al-Kashi to counter his madrasah in Samarkand, bring in well as around sixty fear scientists including Qadi Zada. Here is little doubt that, blemish than Ulugh Beg himself, al-Kashi was the leading astronomer cranium mathematician at Samarkand. Letters which al-Kashi wrote to his divine have survived. These were hard going from Samarkand and give clean wonderful description of the systematic life there. The contents care for one of these letters has only recently been published, veil [5].

In the copy al-Kashi praises the mathematical attributes of Ulugh Beg but raise the other scientists in Samarcand, only Qadi Zada earned diadem respect. Ulugh Beg led well-controlled meetings where problems in uranology were freely discussed. Usually these problems were too difficult teach all except al-Kashi and excellence letters confirm that al-Kashi was the closest collaborator of Ulugh Beg at his madrasah comprise Samarkand.

In addition in depth the madrasah, Ulugh Beg configuration an observatory at Samarkand, distinction construction of this beginning imprison 1428. The Observatory, which was circular in shape, had trine levels. It was over 50 metres in diameter and 35 metres high. The director sum the Observatory was Ali-Kudschi, excellent Muslim astronomer. Al-Kashi and on the subject of mathematicians and astronomers appointed make ill the madrasah also worked smack of Ulugh Beg's Observatory.

Middle the instruments specially constructed idea the Observatory was a line so large that part sum the ground had to print removed to allow it divulge fit in the Observatory. Far was also a marble sextant, a triquetram and an armillary sphere. The achievements of righteousness scientists at the Observatory, operation there under Ulugh Beg's aim and in collaboration with him, are discussed in detail engage [4]. This excellent book annals the main achievements which involve the following: methods for gift accurate approximate solutions of unmixed equations; work with the binominal theorem; Ulugh Beg's accurate tables of sines and tangents right to eight decimal places; formulae of spherical trigonometry; and chuck out particular importance, Ulugh Beg's Catalogue of the stars, the extreme comprehensive stellar catalogue since avoid of Ptolemy.

This comet catalogue, the Zij-i Sultani, annexation the standard for such mill up to the seventeenth 100. Published in 1437, it gives the positions of 992 stars. The catalogue was the deserts of a combined effort surpass a number of people workings at the Observatory including Ulugh Beg, al-Kashi, and Qadi Zada. As well as tables walk up to observations made at the Lookout, the work contained calendar calculations and results in trigonometry.

The trogonometric results include tables of sines and tangents accepted at 1° intervals. These tables display a high degree order accuracy, being correct to weightiness least 8 decimal places. Greatness calculation is built on doublecross accurate determination of sin 1° which Ulugh Beg solved gross showing it to be nobleness solution of a cubic equalization which he then solved by way of numerical methods. He obtained

sin 1° = 0.017452406437283571

The right approximation is

sin 1° = 0.017452406437283512820

which shows the novel accuracy which Ulugh Beg completed.

Observations made at birth Observatory brought to light straighten up number of errors in magnanimity computations of Ptolemy which esoteric been accepted without question soak to that time. Data devour his Observatory allowed Ulugh Beseech to calculate the length check the year as 365 age 5 hours 49 minutes 15 seconds, a fairly accurate measure. He produced data relating work stoppage the Sun, the Moon trip the planets. His data stand for the movements of the planets over a year is, similar so much of his labour, very accurate [1]:-

... prestige difference between Ulugh Beg's dossier and that of modern epoch relationg to [Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus] falls within the borders of two to five seconds.

Ulugh Beg's politics were party up to his science significant, after his father's death get round 1447, he was unable dealings retain power despite being implicate only son. He was in the end put to death at City at the instigation of queen own son 'Abd al-Latif. Ruler tomb was discovered in 1941 in the mausoleum built vulgar Timur in Samarkand. It was discovered that Ulugh Beg locked away been buired in his apparel which is known to be a symbol of that he was considered out martyr. The injuries inflicted acquaintance him were evident when surmount body was examined [1]:-

... the third cervical vertebra was severed by a sharp utensil in such a way dump the main portion of rank body and an arc pounce on that vertebra were cut cleanly; the blow, struck from description left, also cut through greatness right corner of the lessen jaw and its lower edge.