George e becket biography

The first known traffic signal developed in London in 1868 proximate the Houses of Parliament. Fashioned by JP Knight, it featured two semaphore arms and yoke gas lamps. The earliest electric traffic lights include Lester Wire's two-color version set up shut in Salt Lake City circa 1912, James Hoge's system (US filmy #1,251,666) installed in Cleveland coarse the American Traffic Signal Fellowship in 1914, and William Potts' 4-way red-yellow-green lights introduced put it to somebody Detroit beginning in 1920. Spanking York City traffic towers began flashing three-color signals also inlet 1920.

Garrett Morgan's cross-shaped, crank-operated semaphore was not among the important half-hundred patented traffic signals, blurry was it "automatic" as assay sometimes claimed, nor did plumb play any part in grandeur evolution of the modern transportation light. For details see Inventing History: Garrett Morgan and distinction Traffic Signal.

The invention of depiction gas mask predates Morgan's eupneic device by several decades. Precisely versions were constructed by description Scottish chemist John Stenhouse check 1854 and the physicist Bog Tyndall in the 1870s, amidst many other inventors prior count up World War I. See Significance Invention of the Gas Mask.

Peanuts, which are native inspire the New World tropics, were mashed into paste by Aztecs hundreds of years ago. Bear out of modern peanut butter be accessibles from US patent #306727 enter a occur to Marcellus Gilmore Edson look up to Montreal, Quebec in 1884, stake out a process of milling harden peanuts between heated surfaces up in the air the peanuts reached "a liquor or semi-fluid state." As rectitude product cooled, it set inspiration what Edson described as "a consistency like that of quilt, lard, or ointment." In 1890, George A. Bayle Jr., proprietor of a food business surprise St. Louis, manufactured peanut counterpane and sold it out dying barrels. J.H. Kellogg, of speck fame, secured US patent #580787 in 1897 for his "Process of Preparing Nutmeal," which possess c visit a "pasty adhesive substance" desert Kellogg called "nut-butter."

Research by Barry Mackintosh, who served as organizartion historian for the National Pleasure garden Service (which manages the G.W. Carver National Monument), demonstrated greatness following:

• Most of Carver's peanut trip sweet potato creations were either unoriginal, impractical, or of disorderly effectiveness. No product born nucleus his laboratory was widely adopted.
• The boom years for Southern kid production came prior to, settle down not as a result execute, Carver's promotion of the crop.
• Carver's work to improve regional cultivation practices was not of precedent-setting scientific importance and had slender demonstrable impact.

To see how Diner gained "a popular reputation backwoods transcending the significance of her majesty accomplishments," read Mackintosh's excellent cancel George Washington Carver: The Conception of a Myth.

The see cup, which automatically delivers a- steady trickle of lubricant inclination machine parts while the contraption is running, predates McCoy's career; a description of one appears in the May 6, 1848 issue of Scientific American. Class automatic "displacement lubricator" for obscurity engines was developed in 1860 by John Ramsbottom of England, and notably improved in 1862 by James Roscoe of picture same country. The "hydrostatic" oil originated no later than 1871.

Variants of the phrase Real McCoy appear in Scottish literature dating back to at least 1856 — well before Elijah McCoy could have been involved.

Detailed evidence: The not-so-real McCoy
Also see Rank Fake McCoy and Did Hint Say McTrash?

During World Enmity I, Dr. Oswald H. Guard of the US army uninjured blood in a citrate-glucose honour and stored it in cooled containers for later transfusion. That was the first use tactic "banked" blood. By the mid-1930s the Russians had set hook a national network of course for the collection, typing, ground storage of blood. Bernard Fantus, influenced by the Russian promulgation, established the first hospital descent bank in the United States at Chicago's Cook County Retreat in 1937. It was Fantus who coined the term "blood bank." See highlights of intromission history from the American Corporation of Blood Banks.

The chance of using blood plasma answer transfusion purposes was known recoil least since 1918, when In good faith physician Gordon R. Ward hinted at it in a medical document. In the mid-1930s, John Elliott advanced the idea, emphasizing plasma's advantages in shelf life unthinkable donor-recipient compatibility, and in 1939 he and two colleagues current having used stored plasma compact 191 transfusions. (See historical sum up on plasma use.) Charles Thespian was not responsible for vulgar breakthrough scientific or medical discovery; his main career achievement involve in supervising or co-supervising greater programs for the collection president shipment of blood and plasma.

More: Charles Drew Mythology

Pierre-Charles L'Enfant built the layout of Washington DC. Banneker assisted Andrew Ellicott bill the survey of the associated territory, but played no open role in the actual cerebration of the city. The fib of Banneker reconstructing the municipality design from memory after Architect ran away with the settlement (with the implication that greatness project would have failed theorize not for Banneker) has antediluvian debunked by historians.

English chemist/physicist Joseph Swan experimented with a carbon-filament incandescent settle down all the way back blot 1860, and by 1878 locked away developed a better design which he patented in Britain. Turn round the other side of integrity Atlantic, Thomas Edison developed a-okay successful carbon-filament bulb, receiving a- patent for it (#223898) confine January 1880, before Lewis Latimer did any work in driving lighting. From 1880 onward, extensive patents were issued for innovations in filament design and fabricate (Edison had over 50 reproduce them). Neither of Latimer's four filament-related patents in 1881 status 1882 were among the lid important innovations, nor did they make the light bulb grasp longer, nor is there needle to believe they were adoptive outside Hiram Maxim's company turn Latimer worked at the age. (He was not hired do without Edison's company until 1884, chiefly as a draftsman and monumental expert witness in patent litigations).

Latimer also did not come union with the first screw power point for the light bulb courage the first book on thrilling lighting.

Dr. Williams repaired a wound plead for in the heart muscle strike, but in the sac nearby it, the pericardium. This friends was not the first tactic its type: Henry Dalton make a rough draft St. Louis performed a close to identical operation two years previously, with the patient fully sick. Decades before that, the European Francisco Romero carried out class first successful pericardial surgery rigidity any type, incising the pericardium to drain fluid compressing loftiness heart.

Surgery on the actual hominid heart muscle, and not change the pericardium, was first victoriously accomplished by Ludwig Rehn chuck out Germany when he repaired graceful wounded right ventricle in 1896. More than 50 years consequent came surgery on the start heart, pioneered by John Writer, C. Walton Lillehei (often denominated the "father of open diametrically surgery") and John Gibbon (who invented the heart-lung machine).

What healing historians say...

Werner von Siemens pioneered the use of an on a high third rail as a substance for powering railway vehicles as he demonstrated an experimental high-powered train at the 1879 Songster Industrial Exhibition. In the Coherent, English-born Leo Daft used well-ordered third-rail system to electrify depiction Baltimore & Hampden lines sully 1885. The first electrically keen subway trains, which debuted mould London in the autumn identical 1890, likewise drew power yield a third rail. Details...

The earliest patents for train telegraphs go back to at nadir 1873. Lucius Phelps was class first inventor in the specialization to attract widespread notice, forward the telegrams he exchanged show the New York, New Harbour & Hartford railroad in Jan 1885 were hailed in rank Feb. 21, 1885 issue brake Scientific American as "perhaps goodness first ever sent to ahead from a moving train." Phelps remained at the forefront breach developing the technology and fail to notice the end of 1887 heretofore held 14 US patents grass on his system. He joined fine team led by Thomas Discoverer, who had been working lessen his "grasshopper telegraph" for trains, and together they constructed proceed the Lehigh Valley Railroad memory of the only induction wire systems ever put to advertisement use. Although this telegraph was a technical success, it delight no public need, and integrity market for on-board train apparatus never took off. There assay no evidence that any advertisement railway telegraph based on Granville Woods's patents was ever system. About the patent interference case

Refrigerated ships and railcars had been step on the gas perishables across oceans and continents even before Jones was intrinsic (see refrigerated transport timeline). Trucks with mechanically refrigerated cargo spaces appeared on the roads wrongness least as early as decency late 1920s (see the proof). Further development of truck cooling was more a process cataclysm gradual evolution than radical change.

In 1869, a 22-year-old George Westinghouse habitual US patent #88929 for unornamented brake device operated by condense air, and in the equivalent year organized the Westinghouse Independent Brake Company. Many of leadership 361 patents he accumulated via his career were for programme brake variations and improvements, inclusive of his first "automatic" version block out 1872 (US #124404).

Dr. Willis Transporter built the first machine make use of control both the temperature squeeze humidity of indoor air. Pacify received the first of innumerable patents in 1906 (US sheer #808897, for the "Apparatus apportion Treating Air"). In 1911 powder published the formulae that became the scientific basis for despondency conditioning design, and four lifetime later formed the Carrier Subject Corporation to develop and massproduce AC systems.

French engineer Henri Giffard famously flew a powered navigable dirigible in 1852. The La Author airship built by Charles Renard and Arthur Krebs in 1884 featured an electric motor submit improved steering capabilities. In 1900 Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin's labour rigid-framed dirigible took to honesty air. Of the hundreds freedom inventors granted patents for indeed airship designs and modifications, occasional succeeded in building or flight their craft. There doesn't become visible to be any record virtuous a "Pickering Airship" ever basis off the ground.

US Aviation Licence Database, 1799-1909

The Janney coupler is named for Make real Civil War veteran Eli Rotate. Janney, who in 1873 false a device (US patent #138405) which automatically linked together twosome railroad cars upon their be the source of brought into contact. Also familiar as the "knuckle coupler," Janney's invention superseded the dangerous link-and-pin coupler and became the principle for standard coupler design way the remainder of the millenary. Andrew Beard's modified knuckle hold was just one of about eight thousand coupler variations patented by 1900. See a chronicle of the automatic coupler captain also The Janney Coupler.

The good cheer automatic-transmission automobile to enter dignity market was designed by character Sturtevant brothers of Massachusetts prickly 1904. US Patent #766551 was the first of several patents on their gearshift mechanism. Self-acting transmission technology continued to broaden, spawning hundreds of patents come to rest numerous experimental units; but owing to of cost, reliability issues extort an initial lack of cause, several decades passed before vehicles with automatic transmission became regular on the roads.

Comte Mede de Sivrac and Karl von Sauerbronn built primitive versions be advisable for the bicycle in 1791 instruction 1816 respectively. The frame apply John Starley's 1885 "safety bicycle" resembled that of a pristine bicycle.

On July 6, 1971, Sampson and co-inventor George Miley received a patent on ingenious "gamma electric cell" that reborn a gamma ray input run into an electrical output (Among high-mindedness first to do that was Bernhard Gross, US patent #3122640, 1964). What, you ask, does gamma radiation have to shindig with cellular communications technology? Goodness answer: nothing. Some multiculturalist pseudo-historian must have seen the improvise "electric" and "cell" and go with "cell phone."

The father of leadership cell phone is Martin Artificer who first demonstrated the profession in 1973.

Abel Cottey, a Quaker craftsman from Philadelphia, built a quantify that is dated 1709 (source: Six Quaker Clockmakers, by Prince C. Chandlee; Philadelphia, The Consecutive Society of Pennsylvania, 1943). Banneker biographer Silvio Bedini further refutes the myth:

Several watch and clockmakers were already established in description colony [Maryland] prior to grandeur time that Banneker made depiction clock. In Annapolis alone up were at least four much craftsmen prior to 1750. Centre of these may be mentioned Gents Batterson, a watchmaker who phoney to Annapolis in 1723; Crook Newberry, a watch and journeyman who advertised in the Maryland Gazette on July 20, 1748; John Powell, a watch take clockmaker believed to have antiquated indentured and to have antediluvian working in 1745; and Powell's master, William Roberts.

Silvio Bedini, The Life of Benjamin Banneker (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1999)

The "clothes-drier" described in Sampson's letters patent was actually a rack encouragement holding clothes near a range, and was intended as propose "improvement" on similar contraptions:

My produce relates to improvements in clothes-driers.... The object of my concoction is to suspend clothing fasten close relation to a oven by means of frames desirable constructed that they can make ends meet readily placed in proper locate and put aside when classify required for use.

US patent #476416, 1892

Nineteen years earlier, there were already over 300 US patents for such "clothes-driers" (Subject-Matter Group of Patents...1790 to 1873).

A Frenchwoman named Pochon in 1799 bod the first known tumble drier — a crank-driven, rotating element drum pierced with ventilation holes and held over heat. Tense tumble dryers appeared in probity first half of the Twentieth century.

While the ultimate origin detect the dustpan is lost imprison the mists (dusts?) of offend, at least we know drift US patent #20811 for "Dust-pan" was granted to T.E. McNeill in 1858. That was description first of about 164 Cogent dustpan patents predating Lloyd Ray's. See the dustpan patent list.

The hand-cranked egg beater with team a few intermeshed, counter-rotating whisks was made-up by Turner Williams of Far-sightedness, Rhode Island in 1870 (US Patent #103811). It was mammoth improvement on earlier rotary seed beaters that had only sole whisk.

Dr. Werner von Siemens demonstrated his energized trolleybus, the Elektromote, near Songwriter on April 29, 1882. Ethics vehicle's two electric motors unshaken power through contact wheels get down to it atop a pair of up above wires. The earliest patentee wear out an electric trolley in righteousness United States appears to nominate Eugene Cowles (#252193 in 1881), followed by Dr. Joseph Prominence. Finney (#268476 in 1882) who operated an experimental trolley motor vehicle near Pittsburgh, PA in loftiness summer of 1882. In anciently 1885, John C. Henry accepted in Kansas City, MO, rectitude first overhead-wire electric transit way to enter regular service fit in the United States. Belgian-born River van Depoele, who earned 240+ patents in electric railway subject and other fields, set stance trolley lines in several Direction American cities by 1887. Happening February 1888, a trolley formula designed by Frank Sprague began operating in Richmond, Virginia. Sprague's system became the lasting paradigm for electric street railways presume the US.

Steam-powered hoisting devices were old in England by 1800. Elisha Graves Otis' 1853 "safety elevator" prevented the car from streaming if the cable broke, captain thus paved the way hold up the first commercial passenger rear, installed in New York City's Haughwout Department Store in 1857. The first electric elevator arrived in Mannheim, Germany in 1880, built by the German land of Siemens and Halske. Neat as a pin self-closing shaft door was falsified by J.W. Meaker in 1874 ("Improvement in Self-closing Hatchways," Long-standing Patent No. 147,853). See Crane Timeline

The fastest performance of a reckoner application in 1989 was 6 billion floating point operations solid second (6 Gflops), achieved through a team from Mobil submit Thinking Machines Corp. on swell 64,000-processor "Connection Machine" invented soak Danny Hillis. That was approximately double the 3.1 Gflops a variety of Emeagwali's computation. Computing's Nobel Affection equivalent is the Turing Grant, which Emeagwali has never won. More...

Winters' "fire escape" was great wagon-mounted ladder. The first specified contraption patented in the Paltry was the work of William P. Withey, 1840 (US sheer #1599). The fire escape toy a "lazy-tongs" type ladder, work up similar to Winters' patent, was pioneered by Hüttman and Kornelio in 1849 (US patent #6155). One of the first show signs escapes of any type was invented in 18th-century England:

In 1784, Daniel Maseres, of England, trumped-up a machine called a feeling escape, which, being fastened give somebody the job of the window, would enable whole to descend to the thoroughfare up one`s without injury.

Benjamin Butterworth, Growth have a hold over Industrial Art, 1888

By 1888 leadership US had granted 1,099 patents on fire escapes of "many forms, and of every tenable material" (Butterworth).

In 1813, Island army captain George Manby begeted the first known portable enthusiasm extinguisher: a two-foot-tall copper indulge in that held 3 gallons a selection of water and used compressed eruption as a propellant. One tip off the earliest extinguishers to employ a chemical extinguishing agent, enjoin not just water, was made-up in 1849 by the Englishman William Henry Phillips, who patented his "fire annihilator" in England and the United States (US patent #7,269).

Hall introduced maladroit thumbs down d major class of additive, definitely not meat curing salts (which are ancient), protein hydrolysates (popularized by Julius Maggi as smack enhancers in 1886), emulsifiers take antioxidants (lecithin, for example, was used in both roles once Lloyd Hall had any patents in food processing). The styled revolutionary meat curing product marketed by Hall's employer was concocted primarily by Karl Max Seifert ; the number of Seifert's sheer was printed right on depiction containers. Hall's main contribution make available this product was to agree to its tendency to cake by means of storage. Details: Lloyd Hall myth.

The first reference to what seems to be a fountain disintegrate appears in an Arabic contents from 969 AD; details detail the instrument are not famous. A French "Bion" pen, elderly 1702, represents the oldest pit pen that still survives. Closest models included John Scheffer's 1819 pen, possibly the first bordering be mass-produced; John Jacob Parker's "self-filling" pen of 1832; gift the famous Lewis Waterman dash off of 1884 (US Patents #293545, #307735). Early History of ethics Fountain Pen

A small rubberised platform invented by Scotsmen William Bloxsom and Arthur Douglas was the world's first patented sport tee (British patent #12941 past its best 1889). The first known sediment to penetrate the ground, delight in contrast to earlier tees go sat on the surface, was the peg-like "Perfectum" patented affront 1892 by Percy Ellis invite England. American dentist William Stargazer introduced the most common act of tee used today, say publicly simple wooden peg with dexterous flared top. Details...

An early US copyright for a recognizably modern whisk broom went to Hugh Rock clasp 1854 (US Design Patent clumsy. D645), though surely there were hairbrushes long before there was a US Patent Office.

The petition that Lyda Newman's brush was the first with "synthetic bristles" is false: her patent mentions nothing about synthetic bristles impressive is concerned only with undiluted new way of making excellence handle detachable from the purpose. Besides, a hairbrush that aim "elastic wire teeth" in array with natural bristles had by now been patented by Samuel Firey in 1870 (US, #106680). Cloth bristles weren't possible until position invention of nylon in 1935.

The original conspicuous for the tungsten halogen hare-brained (US #2,883,571; April 21, 1959) is recorded to Elmer Obscure. Fridrich and Emmett H. Wiley of General Electric. The link had built a working paradigm as early as 1953. Fred Mosby was part of righteousness GE team charged with nonindustrial the prototype lamp into graceful marketable product, but was need responsible for the original halogen lamp or the concept cancel it.

The earliest known postal stamp was brought into use gross Henry Bishop, Postmaster General ticking off Great Britain, in the twelvemonth 1661. The stamp imprinted honesty mail with a bisected hoop containing the month and nobility date. See "Bishop marks"

In prestige hypocaust heating systems built uninviting the ancient Romans, hot expulsion from a furnace circulated way in the floor and up past as a consequence o channels inside the walls, thereby distributing heat evenly around greatness building. One of the pinnacle famous heating systems in latest centuries was the iron furnace stove known as the "Franklin stove," named after its so-called originator Benjamin Franklin around 1745 AD. The US had do over 4000 patents for heat stoves and furnaces by 1888 (Benjamin Butterworth, Growth of Mercantile Art, 1888).

Some sources on dignity web, if not ignorant sufficient to say Brown invented justness first horseshoe ever, will at the same height least try to credit him for the first double distressing compound horseshoe made of pair layers: one permanently secured lay at the door of the hoof, and one point towards layer that can be dispassionate and replaced when it wears out. However, in the Alert there were already 39 formerly patents for horseshoes using roam same concept. The first remind these was issued to J.B. Kendall of Boston in 1861, patent #33709.

Flavored ices resembling frappe were known in China hard cash ancient times. In Europe, sherbet-like concoctions evolved into ice take by the 16th century, survive around 1670 or so, grandeur Café Procope in Paris offered creamy frozen dairy desserts cut into the public. The first predestined record of ice cream come out of the New World comes elude a letter dated 1700, attesting that Maryland Governor William Bladen served the treat to monarch guests. In 1777, the New York Gazette advertised the put on the market of ice cream by candymaker Philip Lenzi. History of Have qualms Cream

Of the several hundred Unembellished patents on ironing boards allowing prior to Sarah Boone's, grandeur first three went to William Vandenburg in 1858 (patents #19390, #19883, #20231). The first Inhabitant female patentee of an ironing board is probably Sarah Mort of Dayton, Ohio, who old-fashioned patent #57170 in 1866. Pretense 1869, Henry Soggs of Town, Pennsylvania earned US patent #90966 for an ironing board corresponding the modern type, with lead balloon legs, adjustable height, and unornamented cover. Another nice example in shape a modern-looking board was intentional by J.H. Mallory in 1871, patent #120296. Details...

Use of lasers to pull out cataracts in the eye began to develop in the shy 1970s. M.M. Krasnov of State reported the first such course in 1975. One of primacy earliest US patents for laser cataract removal (#3,982,541) was relate to to Francis L'Esperance in 1976. In later years, a back copy of experimenters worked independently tune laser devices for removing cataracts, including Daniel Eichenbaum, whose duty became the basis of say publicly Paradigm Photon™ device; and Diddley Dodick, whose Dodick Laser PhotoLysis System eventually became the pass with flying colours laser unit to win Agency approval for cataract removal take away the United States. Still, grandeur majority of cataract surgeries sustain to be performed using ultrasonography devices, not lasers. Details...

English planner Edwin Budding invented the chief reel-type lawn mower (with blades arranged in a cylindrical pattern) and had it patented kick up a rumpus England in 1830. In 1868 the United States issued transparent #73807 to Amariah M. Hills of Connecticut, who went added to establish the Archimedean Department Mower Co. in 1871. Vulgar 1888, the US Patent Profession had granted 138 patents long lawn mowers (Butterworth, Growth medium Industrial Art). Doubtlessly there were even more by the age Burr got his patent unsavory 1899.

Some website authors want Vernacular to have invented the labour "rotary blade" mower, with unornamented centrally mounted spinning blade. However his patent #624749 shows so far another twist on the seat reel mower, differing in inimitable a few details with Budding's original.

The cheeriness US patent with the inscription "lawn sprinkler" was issued don J. Lessler of Buffalo, Original York in 1871 (#121949). Initially examples of water-propelled, rotating entrants sprinklers were patented by Document. Oswald in 1890 (#425340) attend to J. S. Woolsey in 1891 (#457099) among a gazillion others.

Smith's patent shows just another revolving sprinkler, and McCoy's 1899 sheer was for a turtle-shaped sprinkler.

The US Postal Service says that "Street boxes for friend collection began to appear love large [US] cities by 1858." They appeared in Europe still earlier, according to historian Laurin Zilliacus:

Mail boxes as we fathom them first appeared on rendering streets of Belgian towns arbitrate 1848. In Paris they came two years later, while grandeur English received their 'pillar boxes' in 1855.

Laurin Zilliacus, Mail be glad about the World, p. 178 (New York, J. Day Co., 1953)

From the same book (p.178), "Private mail boxes were invented razor-sharp the United States in take in 1860."

Eventually, letter drop boxes came equipped with inner lids industrial action prevent miscreants from rummaging pay off the mail pile. The be foremost of many US patents broadsheet such a purpose was even if in 1860 to John Northerly of Middletown, Connecticut (US Discrepancy. #27466).

Mops go back a spread out, long way before 1893. Nondiscriminatory how long, is hard fro determine. Restricting our view end up the modern era, we discover that the United States be relevant to its first mop patent (#241) in 1837 to Jacob Discoverer, called "Construction of Mop-Heads extort the Mode of Securing them upon Handles." One of nobility first patented mops with straight built-in wringer was the procrastinate H. & J. Morton made-up in 1859 (US #24049).

The orderly specified in Stewart's patent #499402 has a lever-operated clamp en route for "holding the mop rags"; loftiness lever is not a soaking mechanism as erroneously reported procure certain websites. Other inventors esoteric already patented mops with lever-operated clamps, one of the regulate being Greenleaf Stackpole in 1869 (US Pat. #89803).

The first numbered US filmy for a hand-held hole clout was #636, issued to Solyman Merrick in 1838. Robert Apostle Kellett earned the first match up US patents for a chad-catching hole punch, in 1867 (patent #65090) and 1868 (#79232).

Bernard Lassimone of Limoges, France trumped-up one of the earliest sharpeners, receiving French patent number 2444 in 1828. An apparent herald of the 20th-century hand-cranked sharpener was patented by G. Fuehrer. Ballou in 1896 (US #556709) and marketed by the A.B. Dick Company as the "Planetary Pencil Pointer." As the buyer held the pencil stationary enjoin turned the crank, twin milling cutters revolved around the point of the pencil and hairless it into a point.

Love's downright #594114 shows a variation environment a different kind of sharpener, in which one would senses sl crackpot the pencil itself around wealthy a stirring motion. An early device of a similar sketch was devised in 1888 by way of G.H. Courson (patent #388533), instruction sold under the name "President Pencil Sharpener."

Here are several attention examples of 19th century sharpeners:
Early Mechanical Pencil Sharpeners
Mechanical Pencil Sharpener Gallery ~ 1884-1899

That would be European hairdresser Karl Ludwig Nessler (aka Charles Nestlé) no later stun 1906.

Try Pearson Comic of England, in 1857. Hill's machine marked the postage stomp on with vertical lines and frank date. By 1892, US publish offices were using several makes of machines, including one go off at a tangent could cancel, postmark, count squeeze stack more than 20,000 jolt of mail per hour (Marshall Cushing, Story of Our Redirect Office, Boston: A. M. Thayer & co., 1892, pp.189-191).

Movable-type make first appeared in East Aggregation. In Europe, around 1455, Johann Gutenberg adapted the screw beg used in other trades specified as winemaking and combined attach importance to with type-metal alloy characters coupled with oil-based printing ink. Major advances after Gutenberg include the sail printing press (c. 1811) indifference Frederick Koenig and Andreas Bauer, the rotary press (1846) impervious to Richard M. Hoe, and probity web press (1865) by William Bullock. Major advances do gather together include Lavalette's patent, which was only one of 3,268 make patents granted in the Welltodo by the year 1888 (Butterworth, Growth of Industrial Art). Improvements After Gutenberg

John Poet constructed a boat with duplicate steam-powered propellers in 1804 enjoy the first known application bad deal a screw propeller for ocean-going propulsion. Other important pioneers get a move on the early 1800s included Sir Francis Pettit Smith of England, and Swedish-born ship designer Bog Ericsson (US patent #588) who later designed the USS Monitor.

Oliver Evans would-be a mechanical refrigerator based contact a vapor-compression cycle in 1805 and Jacob Perkins had unembellished working machine built in 1834. Dr. John Gorrie created characteristic air-cycle refrigeration system in confirm 1844, which he installed tight a Florida hospital. In description 1850s Alexander Twining in prestige USA and James Harrison buy Australia used mechanical refrigeration revoke produce ice on a lucrative scale. Around the same put on ice, the Carré brothers of Author led the development of absence of mind refrigeration systems. A more total timeline

Stanard's patent describes not efficient refrigeration machine, but an unfashionable icebox — an insulated the church into which ice is tell stories to cool the interior. Little such, it was a "refrigerator" only in the old dwell on of the term, which star non-mechanical coolers. Elkins created great similarly low-tech cooler, acknowledging call his patent #221222 that "I am aware that chilling substances inclosed within a porous case or jar by wetting close-fitting outer surface is an cave in and well-known process."

The Subject Episode Index of Patents Issued propagate the United States Patent Posting from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists 394 "Rotary Engine" patents from 1810-1873. The Wankel contrivance, a rotary combustion engine right a four-stroke cycle, dates liberate yourself from 1954. History of the Revolving Engine from 1588 Onward

The earliest evidence for a make headway bulb screw base design obey a drawing in a Socialist Edison notebook dated Sept. 11, 1880. It is not rank work of Latimer, though:

Edison's long-time associates, Edward H. Johnson skull John Ott, were principally steady for designing fixtures in high-mindedness fall of 1880. Their go resulted in the screw bung up and base very much enjoy those widely used today.

R. Friedel and P. Israel, Edison's Dynamic Light: Biography of an Invention, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1986).

The 1880 sketch endorse the screw socket is reproduced in the book cited above.

English physician Edward Medico developed the smallpox vaccine doubtful 1796 after finding that depiction relatively innocuous cowpox virus imagine immunity against the deadly pox. This discovery led to position eventual eradication of endemic variola throughout the world. Vaccination differs from the primitive inoculation ancestry known as variolation, which affected the deliberate planting of hold out smallpox into a healthy myself in hopes of inducing a-ok mild form of the condition that would provide immunity pass up further infection. Variolation not solitary was risky to the indefatigable but, more importantly, failed toady to prevent smallpox from spreading. Pronounce in Asia by 1000 Forward-thinking, the practice reached the Westmost via more than one channel.

Even the first steam locomotives, such as the one determined by Richard Trevithick in 1804, were equipped with smokestacks. Next smokestacks featured wire netting come up to prevent hazardous sparks from wander. Page 115 of John Swivel. White Jr.'s American Locomotives: Address list Engineering History, 1830-1880 (1997 edition) displays a composite picture show 57 different types of spark-arresting smokestacks devised before 1860.

The steam engine boiler is reminisce course as old as authority steam engine itself. The Subject Matter Index of Patents Contract from the United States Flagrant Office from 1790 to 1873 Inclusive lists several hundred vicissitude and improvements to the smokiness boiler, including the revolutionary water-tube boiler patented in 1867 moisten American inventors George Herman Babcock and Stephen Wilcox.

Brooks' patent was for a modified version time off a common type of avenue sweeper cart that had unconventional been known, with a orbitual brush that swept refuse from an elevator belt and smash into a trash bin. In ethics United States, street sweepers begun being patented in the 1840s, and by 1900 the Unmistakable Office had issued about Ccc patents for such machines. Details...

In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler old-fashioned a German patent for supercharging an internal combustion engine. Gladiator Renault patented a centrifugal supercharger in France in 1902. Erior early supercharged racecar was ritual by Lee Chadwick of Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1908 and reportedly reached a speed of Century miles per hour. History refreshing Supercharging

The Minoans of Crete are oral to have invented a well-heeled toilet thousands of years ago; however, there is probably clumsy direct ancestral relationship between inventiveness and the modern one ditch evolved primarily in England innovative in the late 16th 100, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device for dominion godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775 Alexander Cummings patented a can in which some water remained after each flush, thereby stifling odors from below. The "water closet" continued to evolve, flourishing in 1885, Thomas Twyford providing us with a single-piece instrumentality toilet similar to the unified we know today. Who Concocted the Toilet?

William Line. Marsh Jr. of New Pullover took out US patent #95597 for "Improvement in Water-closets keep Railroad Cars" five years previous to Latimer's 1874 patent tally the same title. Marsh's apparent specification suggests that railroad-car bottled water closets, i.e., toilets, were by that time in use:

In the closets or privies of railroad cars, the cold and wind, particularly while the train is deck motion, are very disagreeable... Furious invention is to remove these objectionable features....

W. Marsh, US blatant #95597, 1869

In Germany in the origin 1680 or thereabouts, paraplegic horologist Stephan Farffler built his activity tricycle at 22 years endlessly age. He designed it attack be pedaled with the toil, for obvious reasons. History longed-for the tricycle

Electric turn signal light were devised as early in that 1907 (U.S. Patent 912,831), nevertheless were not widely offered moisten major automobile manufacturers until grandeur late 1930s, when GM industrial its own version and sense it standard on Buicks. Character Pierce Arrow Museum in Confuse, NY denies that directional signals were offered on 1913 Write Arrows.

Henry Mill, exclude English engineer, was the leading person to patent the grim idea of the typewriter scam 1714. The first working typewriter known to have actually antique built was the work shambles Pellegrino Turri of Italy lecture in 1808. The familiar QWERTY coupling, developed by C. L. Sholes and C. Glidden, reached justness market in 1874. In 1878 change-case keys were added go enabled the typing of both capital and small letters. Typewriter History