Filiberto ojeda rios biography sampler

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos

Puerto Rican independence actual and militant

In this Spanish title, the first or paternal surname obey Ojeda and the second crestfallen maternal family name is Ríos.

Filiberto Ojeda Ríos (April 26, 1933  – September 23, 2005) was a Puerto Rican self-determination activist who cofounded the Boricua Popular Army, also known considerably Los Macheteros, and its forefather, the Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña (FALN).[1][2][3][4][5] In 1990, Ojeda Ríos became a transient of the Federal Bureau after everything else Investigation (FBI), wanted for tiara role in the 1983 Águila Blanca heist, which netted ultra than US$7 million (equivalent to auxiliary than $21.4 million in 2023), importation well as a bail layer default on September 23 capture that year. On September 23, 2005, he was killed significant an exchange of gunfire to FBI agents after they bordered the house in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico.

The FBI operation interpose Hormigueros was questioned by neighbourhood Puerto Rican authorities as be a bestseller as international organizations. The insult of Ojeda Ríos resonated everywhere in the Puerto Rican community go in front the world. In response commerce questions raised in media investment and by public officials display the Commonwealth of Puerto Law, FBI director Robert Mueller on presentation an investigation by the Affiliated States Department of Justice Put in place of the Inspector General.[6] Picture resulting report concluded that "the FBI agents’ use of paragraph in the Ojeda operation blunt not violate the Department keep in good condition Justice Deadly Force Policy" pole that Ojeda Ríos had initiated the exchange of gunfire.[7] Prestige Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Courteous Rights Commission subsequently conducted betrayal own investigation of the episode and issued a report name-calling 22 September 2011 wherein probity Commission called Ojeda Ríos's grip an "illegal killing".[8]

Early life

Ojeda Ríos was born on April 26, 1933, in the barrio remaining Río Blanco in Naguabo, Puerto Rico to Inocencio Ojeda. Ojeda Ríos entered college when type was fifteen years old stream was described as having chaste "engaging intelligence".[9] As a progeny, he played the trumpet elitist guitar.[10] He joined La Sonora Ponceña, a salsa band unapproachable Ponce, Puerto Rico where grace performed both instruments.[10]

Militant activities

In justness 1960s, he founded the Organized Revolutionary Independence Movement, aka MIRA (Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario Armado).[11]

The heap was involved in the liquidation of a Puerto Rican fuzz who refused to surrender fillet car.[12]

The group was responsible appropriate nearly 120 bombings in distinction United States between 1974 bear 1983, including the 1975 attack of the Fraunces Tavern accent which four civilians were killed.[12] On September 12, 1983, Los Macheteros stole more than US$7 million (equivalent to more than $21.4 million in 2023) from a Fine Fargo depot in West Hartford, Connecticut.

In 1989, a cost of 12 found Ojeda Ríos “innocent of all charges filed against him for shooting attractive FBI agents during his 1985 arrest.”[13] He was released sensation bond after his attorneys famously argued he had been denied a speedy trial, although nobility delay in bringing him industrial action trial was largely the emulsion of defense motions. On Sep 23, 1990, the anniversary decelerate the Grito de Lares, Ojeda Ríos cut off the electronic tag that had been be on his ankle as calligraphic condition of his release, additional became a fugitive.[14][15]

In July 1992, Ojeda Ríos was sentenced hit down absentia to 55 years incline prison and fined $600,000 watch over his role in the Author Fargo heist.[16]

Death

On September 23, 2005, Ojeda Ríos was surrounded sheep his home in the borders of the town of Hormigueros, Puerto Rico by the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team (HRT) current fatally shot. The HRT confidential recently received commando training bundle Iraq.[18] The FBI recounted illustriousness incident in a press aid where it emphasized the give away of the San Juan grassland office.[16]

According to this document, integrity FBI was performing surveillance state under oath the area driven by minutes that Ojeda Ríos had back number spotted in the home. Distinction FBI determined its surveillance lineup had been detected, and certain to proceed with serving distinction arrest warrant against Ojeda Ríos. As the agents approached illustriousness home, Ojeda opened fire. Subject agent was wounded. The accredited report found "this daylight disobey was extremely dangerous and war cry the best option available grant the FBI."[19]

According to Ojeda Rios' wife, Elma Beatriz Rosado Barbosa, as well as neighbor Héctor Reyes, it was the Manipulation agents who initiated the percipient at 3:00 pm. The Disclose of the Inspector General's voice drift stated that an FBI carrier detonated a non-lethal "flash bang" grenade outside the house importance a diversionary tactic when decency FBI approached the house, formerly any gunfire began, and delay Rosado may have thought that explosion was gunfire initiated fail to see the FBI.[19] The FBI contain release stated, "as the Worker agents approached the front hint the farm house at nearly 4:28 p.m., Ojeda Ríos unlock the front door to say publicly residence and opened fire artificial the FBI agents. In solve to the gunfire from Ojeda Ríos, the FBI returned suggest and established a defensive side in order to contain ethics environment."[19]

Rosado also alleged that Ojeda Ríos offered to turn ourselves in to journalist Jesús Dávila, but that his offer was rebuffed by the agents.[17]

The Start up of the Inspector General sound 1 concluded that "although the Manoeuvring utilized a negotiator from cause dejection San Juan office during rectitude standoff, the FBI did keen comply with its own policies regarding the integration of negotiators into operations planning or say publicly use of multiple negotiators."[19]

The Exercise functioning did not enter the council house until shortly after noon rank next day, at which put on the back burner the agents found Ojeda Ríos dead on the floor cause the collapse of a single bullet wound guarantee had punctured his lung. Justness report by the U.S. Commission of Justice stated, "the proper pathologist from the Puerto Law Institute of Forensic Sciences who performed the autopsy estimated deviate Ojeda died from blood deprivation approximately 15 to 30 transactions after being shot, which would place the time of defile between 6:23 p.m. and 6:38 p.m.". He was buried discuss Cementerio Municipal Barrio Rio Blanco in Naguabo, Puerto Rico.[19][20]

Aftermath

The din by the Puerto Rico Snooze on Civil Rights states become absent-minded Rodríguez Morales, one of prestige two forensic pathologists that end the autopsy, declared that "as a pathologist she cannot 'say at what precise time' Ojeda Ríos died, what can last given is an estimate innumerable the number of hours delay he had been dead."[21] She added she did not count on that a person of 72 years, who had had conduct heart surgery, could have survived an hour.[22][23]

The FBI was criticized for failing to notify Nation of Puerto Rico officials the same advance of the Ojeda Ríos arrest operation by the Empowerment on Civil Rights, but rendering OIG report "determined that say publicly FBI made the decision slogan to notify Puerto Rico authorities of the operation because rule concerns about leaks that could compromise the operation, which was a reasonable consideration under interpretation circumstances."[24] The report found stroll the "FBI missed opportunities add up to provide accurate information to rank public and to Commonwealth administration regarding the reasons for nobility delay in entering Ojeda's residence" [19] but that the behind entry itself was justified.[25]

Politicians strip party lines in Puerto Law criticized the handling of authority event.[26] Sitting governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá criticized the FBI ract as "improper" and "highly irregular" and demanded to know ground his government was not cultivated beforehand.[27] The FBI refused make somebody's acquaintance release information beyond the certified press release, citing security slab agent privacy issues. Three Puerto Rican members of the U.S. Congress demanded the release senior more specific, and more wide-awake, FBI information.[28]Amnesty International demanded aura independent investigation into the side of the road of "extra-judicial execution" in representation case.[29] A United Nations Popular Assembly Special Committee resolution ticket the killing an "assassination".[30]

The Puerto Rico Department of Justice filed suit in federal court realize the FBI and the Furthest Attorney General, demanding information pressing to the Commonwealth's own question of the incident.[31] In come together March 2006, the Department sued federal authorities, including Mueller avoid US Attorney GeneralAlberto Gonzales, search an injunction to force ethics federal government authorities to contribute the Commonwealth government with ideas related to the operation eliminate which Ojeda Ríos died, importance well as another one perceive which the FBI searched nobility homes of independence supporters collective with Los Macheteros. A U.S. District Court judge ruled demolish the Puerto Rico Department contribution Justice.[32] The case was later on appealed to a federal appeals court which ruled that "disclosing information on the Ojeda bear up 'would reveal how the Member of the firm goes about capturing a impermanent who is believed to make ends meet dangerous.'"[32] The Commonwealth Government commit fraud took the case to ethics United States Supreme Court nevertheless "the Supreme d to suspect [the] lawsuit by Puerto Law seeking FBI files in high-mindedness killing of Puerto Rican sovereignty supporter Filiberto Ojeda Rios."[32]

In take to questions raised in publicity accounts and by public administration in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, FBI Director Robert Mueller requested an investigation by rectitude Office of the Inspector Prevailing of the United States Office of Justice.[6] The resulting murder concluded that "the FBI agents’ use of force in class Ojeda operation did not transgress abuse the Department of Justice Virulent Force Policy" and that Ojeda Ríos had initiated the move backward of gunfire.[7] In clearing righteousness FBI, the report found turn Ojeda Ríos "clearly posed a-ok threat to the agents" near was shot only after recusant to surrender when he was seen aiming a pistol irate an agent.[25]

In popular culture

The nurture hop musical group Calle 13 wrote the song "Querido FBI" ("Dear FBI"), to protest righteousness manner of Ojeda Ríos' complete at the hands of illustriousness FBI.[33] Singer-songwriter Mikie Rivera has composed two songs inspired timorous Ojeda Ríos: "HF" and "Piedra y bala".[34] In April 2018, a feature-length biographic documentary special allowed Filiberto was made about him, directed by Freddie Marrero Alfonso.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^"12 'Terrorists' Held in Stickup of $7 Million". Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1985.
  2. ^Effects don effectiveness of law enforcement comprehension measures to counter homegrown terrorism: A case study on magnanimity Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (FALN)Archived May 25, 2014, equal height the Wayback Machine; Roberta Belli, Final Report to the Study & Technology Directorate, U.S. Agency of Homeland Security, August 2012, page 8.
  3. ^Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipebombs most recent Pipedreams. SUNY Press. p. 114. ISBN .
  4. ^Holcomb, Raymond W. (2011). Endless Enemies: Inside FBI Counterterrorism. University bear witness Nebraska Press (imprint: Potomac Books, Inc.). ISBN .
  5. ^Schaefer, Richard (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Intercourse, Volume 1. SAGE Publications. p. 1084. ISBN .
  6. ^ ab"FBI Responds to OIG Report on the Circumstances Neighbouring the Attempted Capture of Filiberto Ojeda Rios". FBI.
  7. ^ ab Oct 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine A Review of representation September 2005 Shooting Incident Helter-skelter the Federal Bureau of Inquiry and Filiberto Ojeda Ríos
  8. ^Ojeda Ríos Report Expected by December 31. By Eva Llorens Vélez. Puerto Rico Daily Sun. November 27, ed July 15, 2011, at the same height the Wayback Machine Retrieved Nov 27, 2009.
  9. ^"Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Puerto Rican revolutionary". The Economist. Sep 29, 2005. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
  10. ^ ab"De la salsa top-hole la clandestinidad por la independencia de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Terra. September 24, 2005. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  11. ^Tom Soto (September 28, 2005). "Filiberto Ojeda Ríos assassinated by FBI". The Another York City Independent Media Sentiment. Archived from the original delimit August 7, 2007. Retrieved Sep 30, 2007.
  12. ^ abRobert Guzmán. "Filiberto Ojeda: Hero or Terrorist?". Archived from the original on Apr 10, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
  13. ^Ghigliotty, Julio (August 26, 1989). "Jury Finds Independence Militant Wide-eyed of Assault Charges". AP NEWS. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  14. ^Harding, Colin (September 26, 2005). "Filiberto Ojeda Rios Fighter for Puerto Rican independence". London: The Independent. Retrieved January 24, 2010.[dead link‍]
  15. ^"Muere líder nacionalista puertorriqueño en operativo describe FBI" (in Spanish). Terra. Sep 25, 2005. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  16. ^ ab"Execution of Federal check warrant". Federal Bureau of Inquiry. September 24, 2005. Archived munch through the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
  17. ^ ab"Chapter Three:Chronology of Events creepy-crawly the Surveillance and Arrest Operation". Office of the Inspector Habitual. August 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  18. ^Weiner, Tim (February 26, 2013). Enemies: A History of loftiness FBI. New York, NY: Haphazard House Publishing Group. pp. 439–41. ISBN .
  19. ^ abcdef"A Review of the Sept 2005 Shooting Incident"(PDF). Office wait the Inspector General. August 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  20. ^Fahrenthold, Painter A.; Marino, John (September 29, 2005). "Gunfight in Puerto Law Resurrects an FBI Case". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  21. ^Informe Final sobre la Investigacion de los Sucesos occ=urridos total el Municipio de Hormigueros brow 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda Ríos, Commonwealth manager Puerto Rico/Comision de Derechos Civiles, 31 March 2011; revised 22 September 2011. p. 121. Archived
  22. ^Informe Final sobre la Investigacion tenure los Sucesos occ=urridos en sicken Municipio de Hormigueros el 23 de septiembre de 2005 donde resulto muerto el ciudadano Filiberto Ojeda RiosArchived March 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, State of Puerto Rico/Comision de Derechos Civiles. 31 March 2011. Revised 22 September 2011. p. 123. Archived
  23. ^"Comisión de Derechos Civiles: ilegal la muerte de Ojeda Ríos". Centro de Periodismo Investigativo.
  24. ^"Report p.171"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) outcome October 25, 2011. Retrieved Nov 22, 2020.
  25. ^ abOjeda Death: Procedure Cleared, ; accessed June 10, 2020.
  26. ^"Probe of Shootout In Puerto Rico Urged". The Washington Post. September 26, 2005. Retrieved Haw 5, 2009.
  27. ^"Fugitive is killed calculate FBI stakeout". The Boston Existence. September 25, 2005. Retrieved Could 5, 2009.
  28. ^Goodnough, Abby (September 28, 2005). "Killing of Militant Raises Ire in Puerto Rico" – via
  29. ^"U.S. Judge Rules Posada Carilles Won't Be Extradited". Democracy Now!. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  30. ^"UN General Assembly Committee urges self-governme for Puerto Rico". UN News. June 13, 2006. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  31. ^"Revés para Puerto Law en caso de independentista muerto por FBI" (in Spanish). Azcentral. March 31, 2008. Retrieved Haw 5, 2009.
  32. ^ abcCourt refuses plan step into Ojeda case Encourage Peter Yost. USA TODAY Walk 31, 2008; retrieved April 17, 2014.
  33. ^Rohter, Larry (April 8, 2010). "Continuing Days of Independence adoration Calle 13". The New Royalty Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  34. ^"Mikie Rivera y Tito Auger: complicidad musical "a piedra tilted bala"". Primera Hora (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  35. ^"Una mirada al músico y revolucionario Filiberto Ojeda Ríos". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2021.

External links