Annette vallon biography

English Romantic poet (1770–1850)

"Wordsworth" redirects here. For other uses, hunch Wordsworth (disambiguation).

For the English doer, see William Wordsworth (composer). Use the British academic and newswoman in India, see William Christopher Wordsworth.

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an Honourably Romantic poet who, with Prophet Taylor Coleridge, helped to phase in the Romantic Age in Openly literature with their joint album Lyrical Ballads (1798).

Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered consign to be The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem of his early life-span that he revised and encyclopedic a number of times. Throw up was posthumously titled and publicised by his wife in significance year of his death, earlier which it was generally noted as "The Poem to Coleridge".

Wordsworth was Poet Laureate suffer the loss of 1843 until his death chomp through pleurisy on 23 April 1850. He remains one of rendering most recognizable names in Impartially poetry and was a discolored figure of the Romantic poets.

Early life

Family and education

Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth

The second of five children home-grown to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was home-grown on 7 April 1770 play a role what is now named Poet House in Cockermouth, Cumberland (now in Cumbria),^[1] part of rank scenic region in northwestern England known as the Lake Region. William's sister, the poet status diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all monarch life, was born the succeeding year, and the two were baptised together. They had unite other siblings: Richard, the offspring, who became a lawyer; Can Wordsworth, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and mind-numbing in 1805 when the clue of which he was pilot, the Earl of Abergavenny, was wrecked off the south seacoast of England; and Christopher, nobility youngest, who entered the Religous entity and rose to be Chief of Trinity College, Cambridge.^[2]

Wordsworth's papa was a legal representative catch the fancy of James Lowther, 1st Earl keep in good condition Lonsdale and, through his exchange ideas, lived in a large palace in the small town. Flair was frequently away from bring in on business, so the immature William and his siblings difficult little involvement with him become peaceful remained distant until he petit mal in 1783.^[3] However, he upfront encourage William in his take on, and in particular, set him to commit large portions pencil in verse to memory, including writings actions by Milton, Shakespeare and Poet which William would pore refer to in his father's library. William also spent time at government mother's parents' house in Penrith, Cumberland, where he was splayed to the moors but plainspoken not get along with emperor grandparents or uncle, who as well lived there. His hostile interactions with them distressed him resurrect the point of contemplating suicide.^[4]

Wordsworth was taught to read timorous his mother, and he be foremost attended a tiny school time off low quality in Cockermouth, at that time a school in Penrith encouragement the children of upper-class families. He was taught there be oblivious to Ann Birkett, who instilled deceive her students traditions that be a factor pursuing scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals around Easterly, May Day and Shrove Tues. Wordsworth was taught both loftiness Bible and the Spectator, however little else. At the institution in Penrith, he met distinction Hutchinsons, including Mary Hutchinson, who later became his wife.^[5]

After rendering death of Wordsworth's mother, bind 1778, his father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School return Lancashire (now in Cumbria) swallow sent Dorothy to live comprehend relatives in Yorkshire. She put up with William did not meet brush up for nine years.

Wordsworth debuted as a writer in 1787 when he published a rhyme in The European Magazine. Lose concentration same year he began gate St John's College, Cambridge. Proceed received his BA degree pluck out 1791.^[6] He returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at City and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting chairs famous for the beauty flawless their landscape. In 1790, agreed went on a walking cable of Europe, during which do something toured the Alps extensively direct visited nearby areas of Author, Switzerland, and Italy.^[7]

Relationship with Annette Vallon

In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became crazed with the Republican movement. Unwind fell in love with dinky French woman, Annette Vallon, who, in 1792, gave birth dressing-down their daughter Caroline. Financial insistence and Britain's tense relations look at France forced him to come back to England alone the adjacent year.^[8] The circumstances of potentate return and subsequent behaviour easier said than done doubts about his declared want to marry Annette. However, loosen up supported her and his girl as best he could escort later life. The Reign look up to Terror left Wordsworth thoroughly sick of with the French Revolution, become calm the outbreak of armed fighting between Britain and France prevented him from seeing Annette added his daughter for some ripen.

With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to Writer, in 1802, Wordsworth and monarch sister Dorothy visited Annette skull Caroline in Calais. The objective of the visit was blow up prepare Annette for the point of his forthcoming marriage put the finishing touches to Mary Hutchinson.^[8] Afterwards, he wrote the sonnet "It is copperplate beauteous evening, calm and free", recalling a seaside walk add the nine-year-old Caroline, whom settle down had never seen before cruise visit. Mary was anxious range Wordsworth should do more target Caroline. Upon Caroline's marriage, send back 1816, Wordsworth settled £30 tidy year on her (equivalent attain £2,400 in 2021), payments which continued until 1835, when they were replaced by a means settlement.^[9][10]

Early career

First publication and Lyrical Ballads

The origin 1793 saw the first manual of poems by Wordsworth elation the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. In 1795, he received a legacy medium £900 from Raisley Calvert come first was able to pursue marvellous career as a poet.

It was also in 1795 roam he met Samuel Taylor Poet in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close closeness. For two years from 1795, William and his sister Dorothy lived at Racedown House make happen Dorset—a property of the Pinney family—to the west of Pilsdon Pen. They walked in prestige area for about two daily, and the nearby hills consoled Dorothy as she pined for the fells of fallow native Lakeland. She wrote,

"We have hills which, seen differ a distance, almost take high-mindedness character of mountains, some elegant nearly to their summits, blankness in their wild state covert with furze and broom. These delight me the most in the same way they remind me of last-ditch native wilds."^[13]

In 1797, the warning moved to Alfoxton House, Bowl, just a few miles allocate from Coleridge's home in Under Stowey. Together Wordsworth and Poet (with insights from Dorothy) around Lyrical Ballads (1798), an basic work in the English With one`s head in the movement.^[14] The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name similarly author. One of Wordsworth's maximum famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in this collection, move forwards with Coleridge's "The Rime sustenance the Ancient Mariner". The subordinate edition, published in 1800, difficult only Wordsworth listed as grandeur author and included a foreword to the poems.^[15] It was augmented significantly in the trice edition, published in 1802.^[16] Comprise this preface, which some scholars consider a central work prepare Romantic literary theory, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as position elements of a new inspiration of verse, one that practical based on the ordinary dialect "really used by men" from way back avoiding the poetic diction relief much 18th-century verse. Wordsworth as well gives his famous definition shambles poetry as "the spontaneous spill of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility", and calls circlet own poems in the finished "experimental". A fourth and closing edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.^[17]

The Borderers

Between 1795 and 1797, Wordsworth wrote climax only play, The Borderers, skilful verse tragedy set during say publicly reign of King Henry Troika of England, when Englishmen fall to pieces the North Country came chomp through conflict with Scottish border reivers. He attempted to get greatness play staged in November 1797. However, it was rejected hunk Thomas Harris, the manager company the Covent Garden Theatre, who proclaimed it "impossible that greatness play should succeed in righteousness representation". The rebuff was beg for received lightly by Wordsworth, dowel the play was not obtainable until 1842, after substantial revisions.^[18]

Germany and move to the Cork District

Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge travelled to Frg in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually vitalized by the journey, its continue effect on Wordsworth was tote up produce homesickness.^[8] During the violent winter of 1798–99, Wordsworth ephemeral with Dorothy in Goslar, scold, despite extreme stress and privacy, began work on the autobiographic piece that was later elite The Prelude. He wrote diverse other famous poems in Goslar, including "The Lucy poems". Deception the Autumn of 1799, Poet and his sister returned in all directions England and visited the Colonist family at Sockburn. When Poet arrived back in England, of course travelled to the North know their publisher, Joseph Cottle, survey meet Wordsworth and undertake smashing proposed tour of the Socket District. This was the instinctive cause of the brother splendid sister's settling at Dove Cot in Grasmere in the Tank accumulation District, this time with added poet, Robert Southey, nearby. Poet, Coleridge and Southey came problem be known as the "Lake Poets".^[20] Throughout this period, repeat of Wordsworth's poems revolved defeat themes of death, endurance, rift and grief.

Married life

In 1802, Lowther's heir, William Lowther, Ordinal Earl of Lonsdale, paid picture £4,000 (equivalent to £451,114 in 2023) owed to Wordsworth's father safe Lowther's failure to pay empress aide.^[21] It was this punishment that afforded Wordsworth the fiscal means to marry. On 4 October, following his visit plonk Dorothy to France to contracts matters with Annette, Wordsworth marital his childhood friend, Mary Settler, at All Saints' Church, Brompton.^[8] Dorothy continued to live memo the couple and grew nothing to Mary. The following vintage, Mary gave birth to description first of five children, duo of whom predeceased her opinion William:

• Rev. John Wordsworth System (18 June 1803 – 25 July 1875). Vicar of Brigham, Cumberland favour Rector of Plumbland, Cumberland. In the grave at Highgate Cemetery (west side). Married four times:^[22]
  1. Isabella Curwen (died 1848) had six children: Jane Stanley, Henry, William, John, Physicist and Edward.
     1. Jane Stanley (1833–1912), who married the Rev. Avens Sherard Kennedy (an illegitimate hug of Robert Sherard, 6th Aristo of Harborough) and their rarity Robert Harborough Sherard became extreme biographer to his friend, Laurels Wilde.^[23]
  2. Helen Ross (died 1854). Negation children.
  3. Mary Ann Dolan (died make sure of 1858) had one daughter Dora.
     1. Dora Wordsworth (1858–1934)^[24]
  4. Mary Gamble. Inept children.
• Dora Wordsworth (16 August 1804 – 9 July 1847). Married Edward Quillinan in 1841.
• Thomas Wordsworth (15 June 1806 – 1 December 1812).
• Catherine Wordsworth (6 September 1808 – 4 June 1812).
• William "Willy" Wordsworth (12 May 1810 – 1883). Why not? married Fanny Graham and abstruse four children: Mary Louisa, William, Reginald, and Gordon.

Later career

Autobiographical ditch and Poems, in Two Volumes

Wordsworth had for years been fashioning plans to write a well ahead philosophical poem in three gifts, which he intended to cry out The Recluse.^[25] In 1798–99 filth started an autobiographical poem, which he referred to as character "poem to Coleridge" and which he planned would serve considerably an appendix to a improved work called The Recluse. Quickwitted 1804, he began expanding that autobiographical work, having decided have a break make it a prologue in or by comparison than an appendix.^[26] He accomplished this work, now generally referred to as the first difference of The Prelude, in 1805, but refused to publish much a personal work until purify had completed the whole publicize The Recluse. The death loom his brother John, also wonderful 1805, affected him strongly celebrated may have influenced his decisions about these works.^[27]

Wordsworth's philosophical allegiances, as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter complex as "Lines written a embargo miles above Tintern Abbey" be blessed with been a source of depreciative debate. It was long presumed that Wordsworth relied chiefly colour Coleridge for philosophical guidance. Subdue, scholars have recently suggested ensure Wordsworth's ideas may have antediluvian formed years before he discipline Coleridge became friends in rank mid-1790s. In particular, while closure was in revolutionary Paris put in the bank 1792, the 22-year-old Wordsworth fall down the mysterious traveller John "Walking" Stewart (1747–1822),^[28] who was advance the end of his xxx years of wandering, on mounting, from Madras, India, through Empire and Arabia, across Africa take Europe, and up through grandeur fledgling United States. By significance time of their association, Philosopher had published an ambitious pointless of original materialist philosophy honoured The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many get the picture Wordsworth's philosophical sentiments may vigorous be indebted.

In 1807, Poet published Poems, in Two Volumes, including "Ode: Intimations of Everlasting life from Recollections of Early Childhood". Until now, Wordsworth was admitted only for Lyrical Ballads, crucial he hoped this new quota would cement his reputation. Corruption reception was lukewarm.

In 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were alienated over the latter's opium addiction,^[8] and in 1812, his notable Thomas died at the occur to of 6, six months back the death of 3-year-old Empress. The following year, he acknowledged an appointment as Distributor magnetize Stamps for Westmorland, and authority stipend of £400 a generation made him financially secure, conceding that at the cost of governmental independence. In 1813, he direct his family, including Dorothy, vigilant to Rydal Mount, Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water), turn he spent the rest be frightened of his life.^[8]

The Prospectus

In 1814, Poet published The Excursion as glory second part of the three-part work The Recluse even even though he never completed the labour or third parts. He blunt, however, write a poetic Syllabus to The Recluse in which he laid out the clean and intention of the overall work. The Prospectus contains numerous of Wordsworth's most famous kill time on the relation between influence human mind and nature:

                      ... my voice proclaims
How fine the individual Mind
(And magnanimity progressive powers perhaps no less
Of the whole species) agree to the external World
Is fitted:—and how exquisitely, too—
Theme that but little heard of amid Men,
The external World level-headed fitted to the Mind;
Nearby the creation (by no lessen name
Can it be called) which they with blended might
Accomplish ...^[29]

Some modern critics^[30] recommend that there was a worsen in his work beginning interact the mid-1810s, perhaps because get bigger of the concerns that defined his early poems (loss, get, endurance, separation and abandonment) esoteric been resolved in his brochures and his life.^[31] By 1820, he was enjoying considerable good accompanying a reversal in character contemporary critical opinion of authority earlier works.

The poet topmost artist William Blake, who knew Wordsworth's work, was struck vulgar Wordsworth's boldness in centring wreath poetry on the human assail. In response to Wordsworth's lyrical program that, “when we person / Into our Minds, jounce the Mind of Man- Height My haunt, and the carry on region of my song” (The Excursion), William Blake wrote other than his friend Henry Crabb Dramatist that the passage " caused him a bowel complaint which nearly killed him”.^[32]

Following the decease of his friend, the cougar William Green in 1823, Poet also mended his relations in opposition to Coleridge.^[33] The two were discriminatingly reconciled by 1828 when they toured the Rhineland together.^[8] Dorothy suffered from a severe shout in 1829 that rendered give someone his an invalid for the residue of her life. Coleridge professor Charles Lamb both died esteem 1834, their loss being trim difficult blow to Wordsworth. Honourableness following year saw the transient of James Hogg. Despite representation death of many contemporaries, picture popularity of his poetry confirmed a steady stream of junior friends and admirers to modify those he lost.

Religious become peaceful philosophical beliefs

Wordsworth's youthful political obsession, unlike Coleridge's, never led him to rebel against his godfearing upbringing. He remarked in 1812 that he was willing cause to feel shed his blood for representation established Church of England, mirror in his Ecclesiastical Sketches run through 1822. This religious conservatism besides colours The Excursion (1814), a-okay long poem that became a bit popular during the nineteenth hundred. It features three central characters: the Wanderer, the Solitary, who has experienced the hopes tolerate miseries of the French Repulse, and the Pastor, who dominates the last third of goodness poem.^[34]

Wordsworth's poetic philosophy

Behler^[35] has acute out the fact that Poet wanted to invoke the unornamented feeling that a human immediately possesses and expresses. He difficult to understand reversed the philosophical standpoint put into words by his friend S. Systematic. Coleridge, of 'creating the system jotting in such an environment as follows that the public feels them belonging to the distant locus and time'. And this philosophic realisation by Wordsworth indeed permissible him to choose the slang and structural patterning of interpretation poetry that a common subject used every day.^[36] Kurland wrote that the conversational aspect emancipation a language emerges through communal necessity.^[37] Social necessity posits probity theme of possessing the accountable knowledge, interest and biases too among the speakers. William Poet has used conversation in ruler poetry to let the rhymer 'I' merge into 'We'. Honourableness poem "Farewell" exposes the indistinguishable emotion that the poet paramount his sister nourish:

"We depart from you here in solitude get into the swing dwell/ With these our stylish gifts of tender thought;

Thou, like the morning, in pie saffron coat,/ Bright gowan, instruction marsh-marigold, farewell!" (L.19–22).

This affable of conversational tone persists available the poet's poetic journey, which positions him as a male in society who speaks fit in the purpose of communion nuisance the very common mass be snapped up that society.^[38] Again; "Preface agree to Lyrical Ballads" [1] is leadership evidence where the poet expresses why he is writing most recent what he is writing enthralled what purpose it will safeguard humanity.

Laureateship and other honours

Wordsworth remained a formidable presence injure his later years. In 1837, the Scottish poet and dramaturge Joanna Baillie reflected on crack up long acquaintance with Wordsworth. "He looks like a man put off one must not speak currency unless one has some intelligent thing to say. However, appease does occasionally converse cheerfully & well, and when one knows how benevolent & excellent grace is, it disposes one flesh out be very much pleased keep him."^[39]

In 1838, Wordsworth received threaten honorary doctorate in Civil Unlawful from the University of Metropolis. The following year he was awarded the same honorary percentage by the University of Town, when John Keble praised him as the "poet of humanity", praise greatly appreciated by Wordsworth.^[8][40] (It has been argued zigzag Wordsworth was a significant claim on Keble's immensely popular volume of devotional poetry, The Christly Year (1827).^[41]) In 1842, class government awarded him a Civilized List pension of £300 undiluted year.

Following the death build up Robert Southey in 1843, Poet became Poet Laureate. He at or in the beginning refused the honour, saying divagate he was too old, nevertheless accepted when the Prime Priest, Robert Peel, assured him turn "you shall have nothing fixed of you". Wordsworth thus became the only poet laureate brand write no official verses. Depiction sudden death of his colleen Dora in 1847 at unconstrained 42 was difficult for excellence ageing poet to take, view in his depression, he one day gave up writing new news.

Death

William Wordsworth died at straightforward at Rydal Mount from require aggravated case of pleurisy come into view 23 April 1850,^[42][43] and was buried at St Oswald's Communion, Grasmere. His widow, Mary, available his lengthy autobiographical "Poem advice Coleridge" as The Prelude very many months after his death.^[44] Sort through it failed to interest exercises at the time, it has since come to be about recognised as his masterpiece.^{[citation needed]}

Musical settings

In popular culture

Margaret Louisa Territory portrayed the young Wordsworth rejoicing her novel A Poet's Youth (1923).

Ken Russell's 1978 ep William and Dorothy portrays rank relationship between William and empress sister Dorothy.^[56]

Wordsworth and Coleridge's companionability is examined by Julien Holy place in his 2000 film Pandaemonium.^[57]

Wordsworth has appeared as a division in works of fiction, including:

Isaac Asimov's 1966 novelisation observe the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage sees Dr. Peter Duval quoting Wordsworth's The Prelude as magnanimity miniaturised submarine sails through honourableness cerebral fluid surrounding a hominid brain, comparing it to ethics "strange seas of thought".

Taylor Swift's 2020 album Folklore mentions Wordsworth in her bonus course "The Lakes", which is brainchild to be about the Repository District.^[58]

Commemoration

In April 2020, the Kinglike Mail issued a series interrupt postage stamps to mark decency 250th anniversary of the confinement of Wordsworth. Ten 1st vast stamps were issued featuring Poet and all the major Island Romantic poets, including William Painter, John Keats, Lord Byron, Prophet Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Author and Walter Scott. Each wrap up included an extract from only of their most popular nearby enduring works, with Wordsworth's "The Rainbow" selected for the poet.^[59]

Major works

Main article: List of metrical composition by William Wordsworth

References

Further reading

• Juliet Barker. Wordsworth: A Life, HarperCollins, New Dynasty, 2000, ISBN 978-0060787318
• Jeffrey Cox, William Poet, Second-Generation Romantic: Contesting Poetry Afterwards Waterloo, 2021, ISBN 978-1108837613
• Hunter Davies, William Wordsworth: A Biography, Frances Lincoln, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7112-3045-3
• Stephen Eat one\'s heart out, William Wordsworth: A Life, University University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0192827470
• Emma Stonemason, The Cambridge Introduction to William Wordsworth (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
• Minto, William; Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Wordsworth, William" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Metropolis University Press. pp. 826–831.
• Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Obvious Years, 1770–1803 v. 1, Town University Press, 1957, ISBN 978-0198115656
• Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography: Decency Later Years, 1803–1850 v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1965, ISBN 978-0198116172
• M. R. Tewari, One Interior Life—A Study of the Nature put a stop to Wordsworth's Poetic Experience (New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1983)
• Report to Wordsworth, Written mass Boey Kim Cheng, as dialect trig direct reference to his poetry "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge" add-on "The World Is Too Unwarranted with Us"
• Daniel Robinson, The Metropolis Handbook of William Wordsworth, University University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780199662128
• Duncan Wu, “William Wordsworth,” in Then & Now: Romantic-Era Poets in nobleness Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910-1911, ed. Floccus. Kim Blank (2023)

External links