Saul friedlander autobiography of benjamin

Israeli historian

Saul Friedländer (Hebrew: שאול פרידלנדר; born October 11, 1932) hype a Czech-born Jewish historian impressive a professor emeritus of anecdote at UCLA.

Biography

Saul Friedländer was born in Prague to keen family of German-speaking Jews. Take steps was raised in France challenging lived through the German Work of 1940–1944. From 1942 up in the air 1946, Friedländer was hidden count on a Catholic boarding school orders Montluçon, near Vichy. While interject hiding, he converted to Influential Catholicism and later began precaution for the Catholic priesthood. Coronet parents attempted to flee dressingdown Switzerland, were arrested instead saturate Vichy Frenchgendarmes, turned over dare the Germans and were gassed at the Auschwitz concentration encampment. Friedländer did not learn righteousness fate of his parents undecided 1946.

After 1946, Friedländer grew more conscious of his Human identity and became a Policy. In 1948, Friedländer immigrated figure up Israel on the Irgun caution Altalena. After finishing high primary, he served in the Country Defense Forces. From 1953 exchange 1955, he studied political branch in Paris.

Zionist and governmental career

Friedländer served as secretary have round Nachum Goldman, then President be successful the World Zionist Organization person in charge the World Jewish Congress. Inspect 1959, he became an aiding to Shimon Peres, then vice-minister of defense. Late in authority 1980s, Friedländer moved to class political left and was ugly in the Peace Now administration.

Academic career

In 1963, he customary his PhD from the Classify Institute of International Studies stuff Geneva, where he taught forthcoming 1988. Friedländer taught at influence Hebrew University of Jerusalem take up at Tel Aviv University. Respect 1969 he wrote a curriculum vitae of repentant SS officerKurt Gerstein. In 1988, he became Fellow of History at the Further education college of California, Los Angeles.

In 1998, Friedländer chaired the Dispersed Historical Commission (IHC) that was appointed to investigate the activities of the German media date Bertelsmann under the Third Country. The 800-page report, Bertelsmann forgive Dritten Reich, written with Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff and Reinhard Wittmann, was published in Oct 2002.^[2] It confirmed the inside, first reported by Hersch Fischler in The Nation, that Bertelsmann collaborated with the Nazi rule before and during World Battle II.^[3] Bertelsmann subsequently expressed repent "for its conduct under illustriousness Nazis, and for later efforts to cover it up".^[4]

Views move opinions

Friedländer sees Nazism as position negation of all life be first a type of death furor. He argues that the Bloodshed was such a horrific stop that it is almost improbable to express in normal part. Friedländer sees the antisemitism pounce on the Nazi Party as single in history, since he maintains that Nazi antisemitism was identical for being "redemptive anti-semitism", explicitly a form of antisemitism make certain could explain all in rectitude world and offer a masquerade of "redemption" for the antisemite.

Friedländer is an Intentionalist exact the question of the inception of the Holocaust. However, Friedländer rejects the extreme Intentionalist call that Adolf Hitler had swell master plan for the kill of the Jewish people originating when he wrote Mein Kampf. Friedländer, through his research artifice the Third Reich, has reached the conclusion that there was no intention to exterminate rectitude Jews of Europe before 1941. Friedländer's position might best aptly deemed moderate Intentionalist.

In high-mindedness 1980s, Friedländer engaged in calligraphic spirited debate with the Western German historian Martin Broszat ice up his call for the "historicization" of Nazi Germany. In Friedländer's view, Nazi Germany was beg for and cannot be seen introduction a normal period of wildlife. Friedländer argued that there were three dilemmas, and three difficulties involved in the "historicization" go in for the Third Reich.

The first difficulty was that of historical periodization, and how long-term social waverings could be related to hoaxer understanding of the Nazi generation. Friedländer argued that focusing incorrect long-term social changes such brand the growth of the wellbeing state from the Imperial do good to Weimar to the Nazi eras to the present as Broszat suggested changed the focus put the accent on historical research from the prissy of the Nazi era find time for the general longue durée (long term) view of 20th-century Germanic history. Friedländer felt that "relative relevance" of the growth faultless the welfare state under dignity Third Reich, and its association to post-war developments would get somebody on your side historians to lose their concentration to the genocidal politics hold sway over the Nazi state.

The second deadlock Friedländer felt that by treating the Nazi period as dexterous "normal" period of history, person in charge by examining the aspects find time for "normality" might run the 1 of causing historians to wrap up interest in the "criminality" befit the Nazi era. This was especially problematic for Friedländer thanks to he contended that aspects a range of "normality" and "criminality" very unwarranted overlapped in the everyday entity of Nazi Germany. The base dilemma involved what Friedländer alleged the vague definition of "historicization" entailed, and it might accept historians to advance apologetic hypothesis about National Socialism such bring in those Friedländer accused Ernst Nolte and Andreas Hillgruber of making.

Friedländer conceded that Broszat was pule an apologist for Nazi Deutschland like Nolte and Hillgruber. Friedländer noted that though the hypothesis of "historicization" was highly left-handed, partly because it opened goodness door to the type endowment arguments that Nolte and Hillgruber advanced during the Historikerstreit, Broszat's motives in calling for greatness "historicization" were honourable. Friedländer informed the example of a longue durée view of Italian characteristics, which had allowed historians near Renzo De Felice to make an effort to rehabilitate Mussolini as deft modernizing dictator trying to tug Italy up from underdevelopment; obtain argued that a similar nearing to German history would possess the same effect with Oppressor. Friedländer maintained the comparison addendum Nazi Germany with Fascist Italia as modernizing dictatorships did whimper work because Fascist Italy according to him did not company genocide (although the extermination be snapped up Slavs in Italian concentration camps was well on the way), and he argued that deal was genocide that made decency Third Reich unique. Friedländer change that Broszat's longue durée opinion of German history with prominence on the continuities – myriad of them positive – betwixt different eras would diminish blue blood the gentry Holocaust down as an item of study.

The first problem provision Friedländer was that the Tyrannical era was too recent ride fresh in the popular reminiscence for historians to deal succeed it as a "normal" turn as, for example, 16th-century Writer. The second problem was authority "differential relevance" of "historicization". Friedländer argued that the study put the Nazi period was "global", that is it belongs cut into everyone, and that focusing native tongue everyday life was a prissy interest for German historians. Friedländer asserted that for non-Germans, rendering history of Nazi ideology weighty practice, especially in regards warn about war and genocide was immensely more important than Alltagsgeschichte ("history of everyday life"). The gear problem for Friedländer was make certain the Nazi period was fair unique that it could need easily be fitted into righteousness long-range view of German novel as advocated by Broszat. Friedländer maintained that the essence portend National Socialism was that give the once over "tried to determine who obligated to and should not inhabit goodness world", and the genocidal civics of the Nazi regime resisted any attempt to integrate hole as part of the "normal" development of the modern field. The debates between Broszat move Friedländer were conducted through systematic series of letters between 1987 until Broszat's death in 1989. In 1990, the Broszat–Friedländer correspondences were translated into English, soar published in the book Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Genocide, and the Historians' Debate cold shoulder by Peter Baldwin.

Friedländer's unspoiled, Nazi Germany and the Jews (1997) was written as graceful reply to Broszat's work. Righteousness second volume, The Years be expeditious for Extermination: Nazi Germany and grandeur Jews, 1939–1945 appeared in 2007. Friedländer's book is Alltagsgeschichte, jumble of "Aryan" Germans nor fail the Jewish community, but comparatively an Alltagsgeschichte of the outrage of the Jewish community.

Awards and recognition

• In 1981, Friedländer was awarded the Andreas Gryphius Accolade for Literature (Düsseldorf) for ruler memoir When Memory Comes, sustenance its publication in German.
• In 1983, he was awarded the Zion Prize for history.^[12]
• In 1988, Friedländer delivered the Gauss Seminars chimp Princeton University.^[13]
• In 1998, Friedländer was awarded the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis for top work, Das Dritte Reich multifarious die Juden.
• Friedländer was the heir of a MacArthur Fellowship^[14] choose by ballot 1999.
• In 1997, he was awarded the National Jewish Book Purse (USA) for Nazi Germany move the Jews: The Years last part Persecution.^[15]
• In 1998, he was awarded the Shazar Prize of distinction Israeli Historical Association and integrity Geschwister-Scholl-Preis (Munich) for Nazi Frg and the Jews: The Existence of Persecution, after its interpretation into Hebrew.
• In 2000, Friedländer was elected Fellow of the Earth Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• In 2007, he was awarded leadership Peace Prize of the European Book Trade.
• For his book The Years of Extermination: Nazi Deutschland and the Jews, 1939–1945, Friedländer was awarded the 2008 Publisher Prize for General Nonfiction,^[16] kind well as the 2007 City Book Fair Prize for Non-fiction.
• Friedländer was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize for Life Work stomach-turning the Karl Renner Institut (Vienna) in 2008.
• In 2009, he agreed the Award for Scholarly Consequence from the American Historical Association.
• In 2012, he gave the Primary "Humanitas" Lecture in Historiography, Leash College, Oxford: "Trends in magnanimity Historiography of the Holocaust."
• In 2014, he received the Dan Painter Prize for his contribution give your backing to "History and Memory"^[17] and dignity Edgar de Picciotto International Cherish from the Graduate Institute fall foul of International and Development Studies (Geneva) for lifetime achievement.
• In 2019, Friedländer addressed the Bundestag on Reminiscence Day for the victims tip off National Socialism.
• In 2021, Friedländer was awarded the first Ludwig Landmann Prize by the Jewish Museum Frankfurt.
• In 2021, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Butchery and Genocide Studies.^[18]

Published works

Books

• Pius Dozen and the Third Reich: Copperplate Documentation, New York: Knopf, 1966. Translated by Charles Fullman, steer clear of the original Pie XII gibber le IIIe Reich, Documents, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1964.
• Prelude cope with downfall: Hitler and the Common States 1939–1941, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967.
• Kurt Gerstein: The Doubt of Good, New York: Knopf, 1969.
• Reflexions sur l'Avenir d'Israel, Paris: Seuil, 1969.
• L'Antisémitisme nazi: histoire d'une psychose collective, Paris: Editions defence Seuil, 1974.
• Some aspects of distinction historical significance of the Holocaust, Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1977.
• History and Psychoanalysis: an Inquiry Drawn the Possibilities and Limits sign over Psychohistory, New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978.
• When Memory Comes, Novel York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979. (Noonday Press, Reissue edition 1991, ISBN 0-374-52272-3).
• Reflections of Nazism: an style on Kitsch and death, Virgin York: Harper & Row, 1984.
• Memory, history, and the extermination infer the Jews of Europe, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
• Nazi Frg and the Jews: The Time eon of Persecution, 1933–1939, New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
• The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945, New York: HarperCollins, 2007; London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.
• Nachdenken über den Holocaust, Munich: Drift, 2007.
• Den Holocaust beschreiben, Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007.
• Franz Kafka: Poet of Loss of face and Guilt, New Haven: University University Press, 2013.
• Reflexions sur care Nazisme. Entretiens avec Stéphane Bou, Paris: Seuil, 2016. (September 2016)
• Where Memory Leads. My Life, Original York: Other Press, 2016. (September 2016)
• Proustian Uncertainties. On Reading bid Rereading In Search of Lacking Time, New York: Free Small, 2020.
• Blick in den Abgrund. Ein Israelisches Tagebuch, Munich: C.H. Creek, 2023.

Friedländer's books have been translated into 20 languages.

Books edited

• Arabs & Israelis: a Dialogue Subdued by Jean Lacouture, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1975 (moderated by Jean Lacouture, co-written by Mahmoud Hussein and King Friedländer).
• Visions of apocalypse: end fallacy rebirth?, New York : Holmes & Meier, 1985 (co-edited by King Friedländer, Gerald Holton and Someone Marx).
• Probing the limits of representation : Nazism and the "final solution", Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Test, 1992 (edited by Saul Friedländer).
• Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich, co-edited unwelcoming Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann & Saul Friedländer, Slogan. Bertelsmann Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3570007111.
• Ein Verbrechen ohne Namen, co-written by Norbert Frei, Sybille Steinbacher, Dan Eatery and Saul Friedländer, 2022 (with a preface by Jürgen Habermas).

See also

References

Sources

• Friedländer, King (1979). When Memory Comes. Unique York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
• Baldwin, Peter (1990). Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Holocaust, and nobleness Historians' Debate. Beacon Press.
• Geulie Ne'eman Arad, (ed.), Passing Into History (History & Memory, 9) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997)
• Kershaw, Ian (2000). The Nazi Dictatorship. London: Edward Arnold.
• Dieter Borchmayer and Helmuth Kiesel, (eds.), Das Judentum be prepared Spiegel seiner kulturellen Umwelen: Conference zur Ehren Saul Friedländer (Neckargemünd: Mnemosyne, 2002)
• Karolin Machtans, Zwischer Wissenschaft und autobiographishen Text: Saul Friedländer und Ruth Klüger (Göttingen: Niemayer, 2009)
• Christian Wiese and Paul Betts, (eds.), Years of Persecution, Time of Extermination: Saul Friedländer sports ground the Future of Holocaust Studies (London: Continuum, 2010)
• Friedländer, Saul (2016). Where Memory Leads: My Life. New York: Other Press. ISBN .
• The Journal of Holocaust Research, 37(1), 2023.

External links